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Strategies for the control of pneumococcal diseases.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a Gram-positive, encapsulated bacteria that is a major cause of human disease in people of all ages. It is the most important cause of bacterial pneumonia in infancy, childhood and adult life, and the most important cause of meningitis in all age groups

Environmental tobacco smoke and health in the elderly.

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The aims of this article are to synthesize the evidence on health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the elderly and to discuss questions for future research. Health effects are divided into aetiological and prognostic studies. There is convincing evidence that ETS causes lung cancer

Tobacco smoking increases the risk for death from pneumococcal pneumonia.

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BACKGROUND Active smoking increases the risk of developing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and invasive pneumococcal disease, although its impact on mortality in pneumococcal CAP outcomes remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of current smoking status on

Invasive pneumococcal disease in healthy adults: increase of empyema associated with the clonal-type Sweden(1)-ST306.

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BACKGROUND Adult invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) occurs mainly in the elderly and patients with co-morbidities. Little is known about the clinical characteristics, serotypes and genotypes causing IPD in healthy adults. METHODS We studied 745 culture-proven cases of IPD in adult patients aged

Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team.

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BACKGROUND Approximately half of otherwise healthy adults with invasive pneumococcal disease are cigarette smokers. We conducted a population-based case-control study to assess the importance of cigarette smoking and other factors as risk factors for pneumococcal infections. METHODS We identified

Cigarette smoke exposure worsens acute lung injury in antibiotic-treated bacterial pneumonia in mice.

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Evidence is accumulating that exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) increases the risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, which in turn is the leading cause of ARDS. Chronic smokers have increased rates of

Priorities among recommended clinical preventive services.

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BACKGROUND Many recommended clinical preventive services are delivered at low rates. Decision-makers who wish to improve delivery rates, but face competing demands for finite resources, need information on the relative value of these services. This article describes the results of a systematic

GOLD guidelines 2011: what are the implications for primary care?

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A major revision of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines was published in December 2011, which takes account of the fact that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multi-system disease with effects on the patient beyond the effects of airflow

Community-acquired pneumonia among smokers.

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Recent studies have left absolutely no doubt that tobacco increases susceptibility to bacterial lung infection, even in passive smokers. This relationship also shows a dose-response effect, since the risk reduces spectacularly 10 years after giving up smoking, returning to the level of non-smokers.

Oncology management by the "new" Veterans Health Administration.

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BACKGROUND The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) manages the largest integrated health care system in the U.S. Cancer is second only to cardiovascular disease as a cause of patient mortality and morbidity. In the fiscal year 1996, malignancies accounted

Risk factors for invasive disease among children in Spain.

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OBJECTIVE To identify the risk factors related to invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS Case-control study. All hospitals of the region of Valencia in Spain (covering 95% of the population of Valencia). The

E-cigarette vapour enhances pneumococcal adherence to airway epithelial cells.

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E-cigarette vapour contains free radicals with the potential to induce oxidative stress. Since oxidative stress in airway cells increases platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) expression, and PAFR is co-opted by pneumococci to adhere to host cells, we hypothesised that E-cigarette vapour

Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in remote African Pygmies.

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BACKGROUND African Pygmies have many risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), such as low socioeconomic status and low quality of health care. We characterized Streptococcus pneumoniae from Gabonese Pygmies and analyzed risk factors for S. pneumoniae carriage to improve prophylaxis and

Risk factors for invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae among Alaska native children younger than two years of age.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae causes a significant amount of illness and death from pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis among children < 2 years of age. No currently available effective vaccine exists to prevent pneumococcal disease in this age group. To identify modifiable risk factors we conducted a

Priorities among effective clinical preventive services: results of a systematic review and analysis.

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BACKGROUND Decision makers at multiple levels need information about which clinical preventive services matter the most so that they can prioritize their actions. This study was designed to produce comparable estimates of relative health impact and cost effectiveness for services considered

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