Children (1 to 11 years) and adolescents (12 to 18 years), who were referred to a sleep laboratory and submitted to full-night polysomnography due to suspicious of sleep disorders.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea of Child

Polysomnography, referred to as type I, allows assessing several sleep physiologic parameters (eg, EEG, electrooculogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, airflow, respiratory effort, oxygen saturation), whereas audio-video recording enables to document tooth-grinding sounds and distinguishing between rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA) and orofacial and other muscular activity during sleep. The apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) is defined as the number of obstructive apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep. Obstructive Sleep Apnea is defined in PSG when AHI≥1 and is divided into the following categories, according to severity: mild OSA (AHI 1-4.9), moderate OSA (AHI 5-9.9) and severe OSA (IAH≥10) (BERRY; BUDHIRAJA; GOTTLIEB, 2012). Based on the RMMA index (number of episodes per hour of sleep), sleep bruxism is diagnosed when episodes are greater than or equal to 2 (low-frequency SB, mild bruxism) or episodes are greater than or equal to 4 (high frequency SB, severe bruxism).

Polysomnography

Federal University of Pelotas

Factors Correlated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children and Adolescents

Factors Correlated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed by Polysomnography: Cross-sectional Study

Children and adolescents will be evaluated to investigate the prevalence and severity of OSA, according to the criteria of de American Association of Sleep Medicine. Participants will be diagnosed with OSA if they present: a) self-report or parent-report of snoring or difficulty breathing during sleep; and b) one or more obstructive apneas per hour of sleep in polysomnography (AASM, 2014).

The following sociodemographic data will be evaluated:
1.1 Age: participants between 1 to 11 years will be classified as children and participants between 12 to 18 years will be classified as adolescents; 1.2 Sex: participants will be classified as male or female; 1.3 Parental education: participants will be classified according to their parental education up to 8 years or less/equal to 8 years; 1.4 Family structure: participants will be classified according to their family structure as nuclear or non-nuclear.
The following clinical condition data will be evaluated:
1.5 Body mass index (BMI): children and adolescents will be classified as obese/ overweight/underweight/ (≥ 95th percentile/ 85th to < 95th percentile/< 5th percentile, respectively) or normal weight (5th to < 85th percentile), according to World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (WHO, 2007).

Sleep Quality will be evaluated with the following questions:
Bedtime: how many hours does your child sleep (<8 hours or ≥8 hours); how long does it take to sleep (up to 15min, or >15 min); child resists going to bed at bedtime (no or yes); child feels anxiety or fear at bedtime (no or yes);
Sleep behavior: child wakes up more than twice during the night (no or yes); child is restless and moves a lot during sleep (no or yes); child has suffocation or difficulty breathing during the night (no or yes); child sweats a lot during the night (no or yes); child grit his/her teeth while sleeping (no or yes); child has nightmares (no or yes); child snores during the night (no or yes) child has sleep enuresis (no or yes);
Morning wake up: child has difficulty waking up (no or yes); child feels tired after waking up (no or yes); child is sleepy during the day (no or yes); child has headache in the morning (no or yes); child has mouth breathing during the day (no or yes).

Sleep structure was evaluated with the following polysomnography data: sleep onset latency in minutes, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency in minutes, wake up after sleep onset (WASO) in minutes, total sleep time in minutes, sleep efficiency (good >85% or bad <84.9%), non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time in stages N1 (%), N2 (%), and N3 (%), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time (%), arousal, respiratory disturbance index (RDI), index of apnea and hypopnea (IAH).

Children and adolescents will be diagnosed with SB, according the criteria of de American Association of Sleep Medicine, if they present: a) regular or frequent tooth grinding sounds occurring during sleep; and b) transient morning jaw muscle pain or fatigue; and/or temporal headache (AASM, 2014).

Noéli Boscato, PhD

PhD, Associate Professor, School of Dentistry

The strength of participants tongue will be measured and participants will be shown how to perform tongue training exercises using a special device. Participants will be given instructions on how to perform a workout for the tongue. Each day once in the morning (am) and once in the afternoon/evening (pm), participants will train with the device and have a "tongue workout" that lasts about 10 minutes.
Therefore, participants will work out about 20 minutes a day for 6 weeks.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Tongue Trainer

Weill Cornell Medical College Center for Sleep

Tongue Protrusion Force: A Pilot Study

RDI (the sum of apneas, hypopneas, and milder, more subtle sleep disruptions known as respiratory effort related arousals, or RERAs, that can still lead to sleep fragmentation).

The investigators will be monitoring the tongue protrusion force max each day for six weeks to see what changes, if any occur.

The investigators will measure AHI during the pre-screen and post screen to see what changes, if any, occur due to the six weeks of tongue training.

To determine if regular exercise of the GG muscle increases the maximum tongue protrusive force (TPFmax) and increases the duration over which the tongue is capable of exerting sub-maximal (threshold of 50% of baseline TPFmax) protrusive force (dur50%).

retrognathia/hypoxia

Factors Correlated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children and Adolescents

Tongue Protrusion Force: A Pilot Study

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