tularemia/protease

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The Protease Locus of Francisella tularensis LVS Is Required for Stress Tolerance and Infection in the Mammalian Host.

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Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia and a category A potential agent of bioterrorism, but the pathogenic mechanisms of F. tularensis are largely unknown. Our previous transposon mutagenesis screen identified 95 lung infectivity-associated F. tularensis genes, including those

Activation of the inflammasome upon Francisella tularensis infection: interplay of innate immune pathways and virulence factors.

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Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis. The virulence of this pathogen depends on its ability to escape into the cytosol of host cells. Pathogens are detected by the innate immune system's pattern recognition receptors which are

[Interleukin-1 formation during inhibition of proteolytic enzyme activity].

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Contrycal and phosphomethylsulfonyl fluoride prevented a decrease in activity of interleukin-1 (IL) in 3-days-old culture of mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. These protease inhibitors did not affect per se the IL formation as distinct from soy bean

Endotoxin-like activities of mycoplasmal lipopolysaccharides (lipoglycans).

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Lipoglycans (previously designated lipopolysaccharides) from several species of Acholeplasma and from Thermoplasma acidophilum were examined for endotoxin-like activities as measured by the standard rabbit fever test and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. The lipoglycans from Acholeplasma

Alpha-1 antitrypsin is markedly decreased following pulmonary F. tularensis challenge.

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Neutrophils form the first line of defense during infection and are indispensable in this function. The neutrophil elastase is a key effector molecule of the innate immune system with potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, spirochaetes, and fungi. However, the release of

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity enhances host susceptibility to pulmonary infection with type A and B strains of Francisella tularensis.

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A striking feature of pulmonary infection with the Gram-negative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis, a category A biological threat agent, is an intense accumulation of inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, at sites of bacterial replication. Given the essential

Macrophage-targeted drugamers with enzyme-cleavable linkers deliver high intracellular drug dosing and sustained drug pharmacokinetics against alveolar pulmonary infections.

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Intracellular bacterial infections localized to the lung alveolar macrophage (AM) remain one of the most challenging settings for antimicrobial therapy. Current systemic antibiotic treatment fails to deliver sustained doses to intracellular bacterial reservoirs, which necessitates prolonged

Francisella tularensis: activation of the inflammasome.

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Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes the systemic disease tularemia. This pathogen can replicate in the cytosol of macrophages, an ability that is linked with its virulence. We discuss recent data demonstrating that in macrophages, cytosolic

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