This group of patients received patients with bruxism. It was applied proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), myofascial releasing maneuvers and home exercises.

This group of patients received patient with bruxism. It was applied myofascial releasing maneuvers and home exercises.

This group of patients received patient with bruxism. It was applied conventional treatment and no myofascial releasing or Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation exercises were applied.

Exercise

Bruxism

Myofascial

For Group 1 (n:20), the PNF, myofascial releasing and home exercises were used to decrease pain, jaw restriction and improve functional mobility on the masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid, buccinator, temporalis, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, upper side of trapezius muscle, splenius, scalenous, and cervical extensor muscle in 20 patients with bruxism, for 2 and 6 weeks after pre-evaluation. PNF, myofascial releasing and home exercises were administered for 2 weeks, followed by 3 sets of 10 repeat home exercises and 6 weeks under physiotherapist control.

PNF, Myofascial Releasing Maneuvers, Home Exercise Group

In Group 2 (n:15), as myofascial releasing and home exercise group,final evaluation was made with 10 sets of myofascial releasing and home exercises for 2 and 6 weeks.

Myofascial Releasing Maneuvers and Home Exercises Group

In Group 3 (n:17), as the control group, no myofascial releasing or Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation exercises were applied.

Control Group

Inonu University

The Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, Myofascial Releasing Maneuvers and Home Exercises on Pain and Jaw Function in Patients With Bruxism

Assessment The Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, Myofascial Releasing Maneuvers and Home Exercises on Pain and Jaw Function in Patients With Bruxism

The severity of pain was evaluated using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (intolerable pain).The VAS scale is recommended for evaluation because of highly reliability.

The Jaw Functional Limitation Scale is a scale assessing the restriction of jaw movement. It consists of 8 items related to normal daily functions of the mouth, such as chewing, yawning, swallowing and smiling, with each item scored on a scale of 0 (no restriction) to 10 (high restriction), thus total scores range from 0 -80 (8, 11).

The Oral Behaviour Checklist consists of 21 questions about bad oral habits. This scale is answered as a 5-point Likert scale with the responses of never, occasionally, sometimes, often, and always. The total points of the scale range from 0 to 84 .

Elisa Çalışgan

Research Assistant

İnonu University

Experimental, Randomized Controlled Study

Participants didn't know taking which exercise treatment methods

The buccal-relaxant formula used in this study contained 8 floral essences from native and non-native plants commonly grown in Brazil, developed at the Mater Gaia Institute. Each patient received a small amber glass bottle containing the floral remedy and was instructed to use four drops sublingually 4 times a day for 22 days.

Each patient received a small amber glass bottle containing the placebo, and was instructed to use four drops sublingually 4 times a day for 22 days.

Temporal Cephalic Pain

Following physical examinations, 60 patients were randomly allocated to 2 groups of 30 patients each, who had been diagnosed with sleep bruxism. Each patient received a small amber glass bottle containing the floral remedy and was instructed to use four drops sublingually 4 times a day for 22 days. All examiners were different professionals, with no contact among each other, as follows: an examiner who conducted the physical examination, an examiner who randomly divided the patients, and an examiner who prepared the floral and placebo remedies. At the end of the study, each group of 30 patients was re-named: Group F, the group of patients who received the floral remedy.

Buccal-relaxant formula

30 patients diagnosed with sleep bruxism received a small amber glass bottle containing the saline solution and was instructed to use four drops sublingually 4 times a day for 22 days. All examiners were different professionals, with no contact among each other, as follows: an examiner who conducted the physical examination, an examiner who randomly divided the patients, and an examiner who prepared the floral and placebo remedies. At the end of the study, each group of 30 patients was re-named: Group P, the group of patients who received the placebo.

Placebo

Fluminese Federal University

Floral Remedies for Sleep-bruxism Patients

Floral Remedies for Sleep Bruxism Patients: A Randomized Trial for Attenuating Temporal Cephalic Pain

Pain Pain was evaluated twice, in the beginning and after 21 days of the treatment. Pain was scored using the visual analogue scale (VAS) described by Huskisson6 (1974) and modified by Finkel12. All results were recorded in each patient's folder, under restricted access.
Patients, holding the VAS, were asked to point to the face/score number that indicated the level of his or her pain. Pain level was measured as follows: No pain or the absence of any discomfort, scored as 0 (zero); mild pain, scored from 1 to 3; moderate pain, scored as 4, 5, 6 or 7; and severe pain, scored as 8, 9 or 10.

A question regarding sleep quality of the patients was answered after 21 days of the buccal-relaxant and placebo treatments. The question was: Did your sleep-quality improved? The answers were: Yes or No. All results were recorded in each patient's folder, under restricted access.

Etyene Castro Dip

Professor

Universidade Federal Fluminense

Manal Ahmed

Prevalence of Bruxism in a Group of Preschool Egyptian Children

Ahmed Wafik Ismael Mohamed

Demonstrator

Cairo University

The intervention will be twelve sessions (two per week). Laser parameters: wavelength - 786.94 nm; conventional tip; energy density - 25 J/cm²; intensity - 1.675 mW/cm²; output power - 70 mW (0.070 W); and exposure time - 20 seconds per point. The point application method will be used with direct contact with the skin (spot beam of 0.04 cm²), following the protocol suggested by Carvalho et al.50 and Venezian et al.44 A potentiometer will be used to determine the mean power of the laser equipment to ensure the safety of the operator.

The intervention will be a maxillary occlusal splint will be used on the maxilla with palatal and occlusal coverage. Following the protocol established by Hachmann et al., the children will only use the splint at night for two months, with weekly adjustments of a quarter turn.46

Placebo laser will be performed using the same equipment.

Sleep Bruxism

Low-level laser therapy administrated to acupoints

Laser

Occlusal splint

Placebo laser (Low-level laser therapy administrated to acupoints)

Placebo laser

Evaluation of Muscle Activity, Bite Force and Salivary Cortisol in Children With Bruxism

Evaluation of Muscle Activity, Bite Force and Salivary Cortisol in Children With Bruxism Before and After Laser Use of Low Power in Acupoints- Controlled Clinical Trial

six-channel BTS TMJOINT electromyograph (BTS Engineering)

Bite force will be measured using a digital gnathodynamometer (DMD, Kratos Equipamentos Industriais Ltda, Cotia, São Paulo, Brazil) adapted for oral conditions

Saliva will be collected on cotton swabs, which will be left in the mouth for two minutes. The cotton will then be placed into a centrifuge tube and the sample will be stored at -20° C until analysis.25 Salivary cortisol will be measured prior to therapy and on Day 50 to measure the degree of stress. Two collections will be performed in the home of the participant at 9 am and prior to going to sleep with at least one hour of fasting prior to the collection and will be followed with oral hygiene with water. The collection will be performed on a Sunday following the manufacturer's recommendations and will be delivered on the following Monday for analysis at University Nove de Julho (Brazil).

tooth wear/glavobol

The Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, Myofascial Releasing Maneuvers and Home Exercises on Pain and Jaw Function in Patients With Bruxism

Floral Remedies for Sleep-bruxism Patients

Prevalence of Bruxism in a Group of Preschool Egyptian Children

Evaluation of Muscle Activity, Bite Force and Salivary Cortisol in Children With Bruxism

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