Subjects will consume pressed juice daily for 3 days.

Subjects will consume pressed juice supplementation for 3 days
Pressed Juice: Subjects will be taking vegetable/fruit juice supplementation for 3 days. Blood, urine and stool samples will be collected at baseline, day 4 and day 17.

Pressed Juice

Sex: Female, Male

Race (NIH/OMB)

Changes in microbial count (%) were calculated as the values at day 4 minus the values at baseline

All participants consumed 6 bottles of mixed fruit and vegetable juice daily for 3 days.

Mixed Fruit and Vegetable Juice 6 Bottles

Change in Colonic Flora Composition

Overall Study

Zhaoping Li, MD, PhD - Principal Investigator

Intestinal Bacteria Flora Disturbance

Subjects will be taking vegetable/fruit juice supplementation for 3 days. Blood, urine and stool samples will be collected at baseline, day 4 and day 17.

UCLA Center for Human Nutrition

The Effect of Fruit/Vegetable Drinks on the Human Intestine

Study of the Effect of Fruit/Vegetable Based Supplementation on Microbiome

Zhaoping Li

Professor of Medicine

University of California, Los Angeles

Over the study, three participants were unable to complete all test sessions due to muscle pain or injury . Thus, 19 participants (age: 21.2±1.2 years; height: 1.76±0.8 m; body-mass: 76.6±12.6 kg) completed all test sessions

19 participants (age: 21.2±1.2 years; height: 1.76±0.8 m; body-mass: 76.6±12.6 kg)

Physical Activity

Each participant visited the laboratory for two formal test sessions, drinking a caffeine-containing ED (RB) and a caffeine and taurine free beverage drink (PL). All sessions were arranged in the early evening hours to avoid any time of day effects. The two definitive test sessions were separated by an interval of seven days to allow sufficient recovery between tests and to ensure caffeine washout. To avoid identification, two opaque and unmarked cans of RB or PL were ingested by each participant (i.e., 500 mL) in the presence of a researcher. The two drinks were similar in volume, texture, and appearance. One can of RB drink (i.e., 250ml) contained 80 mg of caffeine, 1 g of taurine, 27 g of carbohydrates, 0.6 g of protein, 5 mg vitamin B6 and 487 kJ of energy.

Energy Drink

The PL drink was prepared by an agri-food engineer; it did not contain any caffeine or taurine, but comprised carbonated water, carbohydrates, citric acid lemon juice reconstituted from concentrate (1 %), supplemented by flavorings, of sodium citrate, acesulfame K, sucralose, potassium sorbate and RB (a flavoring that contains propylene glycol E1520 (0.23 mL).

Placebo Drink

Effect of Energy Drink on Sport Performance and Psycho-Physiological Responses.

Effects of Energy Drink on Performance and Psycho-Physiological Response to Physical Exercise

A calibrated mechanically-braked cycle ergometer (Monark 894; Stockholm, Sweden) interfaced with a microcomputer was utilized for the 30-s Wingate test. Subjects pedaled as fast as possible for 30-s against a constant load calculated according to the participant's body-mass (i.e., 8.7%). After maintaining a constant ~60rpm speed for 4-6-s against minimal resistance, the selected load was applied. The participant sat on the cycle throughout and was strongly encouraged to maximize pedaling rates and to maintain a high speed. Peak and mean power (i.e., average of power output the 30-s) were recorded. The fatigue index was calculated as follows:
Fatigue index (%) = [(peak power-minimal power)/ peak power×100]. The ICC and SEM showed excellent reliability for peak power (ICC>0.98, absolute SEM <0.21), mean power (ICC>0.98, absolute SEM <0.23) and fatigue index (ICC>0.76, absolute SEM <1.99).

A simple visual reaction time test assessed alertness and motor reaction-speed. Subjects responded as quickly as possible to presentation of a stimulus (the image of a black box) on a computer screen (15" LCD). When this appears, the participant should press the index finger on a computer key. The signal appeared in random order within 1-10-s time intervals. Each participant was allowed ten attempts and the mean reaction time was calculated, using React! V0.9 software.The ICC and SEM showed excellent reliability for reaction time (ICC>0.89, absolute SEM <0.14) measurement.

Handgrip strength was recorded by dynamometer (T.K.K. 5401; Takei, Tokyo, Japan). The maximal handgrip force was determined for the dominant hand. Participants exerted their maximal strength for 4-5-s. With the hand hanging downwards, the dynamometer was

The original Borg RPE scale rates exertion subjectively during or after physical exercise on a 15-point scale ranging from six (very very light) to twenty (very very hard). It was used to calculate the affective load; the affective load was obtained as the difference between the perceived exertion (negative affective response) and pleasure scores (positive affective response). For example, with an RPE score of six, the negative affective response is zero and the positive affective response is -14. However, if the RPE score rises to 20, the negative affective response is +14 and the positive affective response is zero. The potential affective load thus ranges from -14 to +14. A negative affective load score indicates the dominance of pleasant affective responses and a positive affective load represents the dominance of unpleasant affective responses.

The evaluation of mood states used the French language version of the POMS questionnaire. Responses to 65 adjectives (ranging from "Zero" (i.e., not at all) to "Four" (i.e., extremely) assessed immediate mood states in seven dimensions: tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion and interpersonal relationships.

Blood glucose was measured using the electrochemical sensor Rightest GM260 Blood Glucose Monitoring System (Bionime Corporation, Taichung City, Taiwan). The finger tip was pricked with a lancing device, and a specific test strip was soaked with blood was inserted into the measuring apparatus, with an estimate appearing within 5 seconds. Blood pressure was measured by the same physician using a stethoscope (Spengler, Germany) and sphygmomanometer (Spengler, Germany).

Haematological parameters (i.e., white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (NEU), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT)and platelets (PLT) were determined using a multichannel automated blood cell analyser Beckman Coulter Gen system-2 (Coulter T540)

muscle damage markers: Creatinine kinase (CK), Alkaline phosphate (PAL), Gammaglutamyl (GGT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and c-reactive protein (CRP) were determined spectrophotometrically using Abott Architect Ci 4100.

Oxididative stress response (i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT), uric acid (UA)) and c-reactive protein (CRP)) were determined spectrophotometrically using Abott Architect Ci 4100.

Ammar Achraf

Principal Investigator

The Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax

A double blind, placebo-controlled, and counterbalanced crossover design was used for this work

To avoid identification, two opaque and unmarked cans [24-26] of Red Bull or Placebo were ingested by each participant (i.e., 500 mL) in the presence of a researcher.

lemon/nikotina

The Effect of Fruit/Vegetable Drinks on the Human Intestine

Effect of Energy Drink on Sport Performance and Psycho-Physiological Responses.

Baza e të dhënave më e plotë e bimëve medicinale e mbështetur nga shkenca