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Circadian phase resetting in response to light-dark and dark-light transitions.

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Phase shifting of circadian systems by light has been attributed both to parametric effects on angular velocity elicited by a tonic response to the luminance level and to nonparametric instantaneous shifts induced by a phasic response to the dark-light (D>L) and light-dark (L>D) transitions. Claims

Brief Dark Exposure Reduces Tonic Inhibition in Visual Cortex.

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Tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABARs) sensing ambient levels of GABA can profoundly alter the membrane input resistance to affect cellular excitability. Therefore, regulation of tonic inhibition is an attractive mechanism to control the levels of cortical firing. In

Objective vs subjective measurements of dark vergence.

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Dark vergence is a resting position of vergence (tonic vergence), measured in a dark visual field to eliminate fusional, accommodative, and proximal stimuli. The vergence resting position is relevant for measures of phoria and fixation disparity. Dark vergence differs reliably among subjects: the

Asthenopia and the dark focus of accommodation.

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To study asthenopia, we compared the dark focus of accommodation of 54 symptomatic and 56 asymptomatic control subjects. The two groups were matched for age and cycloplegic refractive error. Symptomatic subjects were defined as those who complained of asthenopia daily even though their refractive

Dark focus of accommodation and uncorrected visual acuity.

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We compared the dark focus of accommodation in 33 healthy children, 19 eyes with good uncorrected visual acuity (1.0 or more) vs. 14 with poor uncorrected visual acuity (below 1.0). The two groups were matched for age and cycloplegic refractive error. Cycloplegic refractive error ranged from +0.15

Resetting of the hamster circadian system by dark pulses.

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Circadian rhythms of animals are reset by exposure to light as well as dark; however, although the parameters of photic entrainment are well characterized, the phase-shifting actions of dark pulses are poorly understood. Here, we determined the tonic and phasic effects of short (0.25 h), moderate (3

The dissociability of accommodation from vergence in the dark.

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A special case was set up in which accommodation and vergence were totally deprived of their stimuli, in order to determine whether their responses remained coordinated or whether they became dissociated. A dynamic, infrared optometer and infrared, eye-movement sensors were used simultaneously to

THE TONIC ACTIVITY OF THE LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS IN DARK AND LIGHT ADAPTATION.

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Effects of Dark Brooders on Behavior and Fearfulness in Layers.

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Chicks require heat to maintain body temperature during the first weeks after hatch. This may be provided by dark brooders; i.e. , horizontal heating elements equipped with curtains. The objective was to test effects of rearing layer chicks with dark brooders on time budget and fearfulness.

Accommodative hysteresis as a function of target--dark focus separation.

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The concept of dark focus (DF) as fulcrum for accommodative effort was examined by inducing adaptation of tonic accommodation with the target at varying dioptric distances from the DF. Mean pre- to post-changes in DF at the initial post fixation test essentially were linear (r2 = 0.975), with zero

[Tonic eye deviations and nystagmus with abolition of sight stimulus using dark contact lenses].

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[Changes in the dark focus of accommodation in patients with asthenopia].

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The authors studied tonic accommodation in cases of asthenopia. The subjects consisted of ten college students, aged 20 to 22 years old as normal control and seven patients with asthenopia, aged 20 to 27. The dark focus of accommodation was measured with the infrared optometer before and after a 15

Dark focus of accommodation in children with accommodative esotropia and hyperopic anisometropia.

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We evaluated the dark focus of accommodation, referred to as tonic accommodation, in 60 young hyperopic subjects, 20 with and 20 without accommodative esotropia, and 20 with hyperopic anisometropia. We measured the distance, dark, and cycloplegic refractive errors by the Nidek Autorefractometer

Effect of reversed light-dark cycle on skin conductance in male rats.

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Reversal of light-dark cycle was used to investigate the effect of the circadian changes on skin conductance, a tonic electrodermal activity parameter, in rats. Rats were adapted for 3 wk. to one of two lighting programs. The animals on the normal cycle were illuminated from 08.00-20.00; on the

The morphology of retinogeniculate X- and Y-cell axonal arbors in dark-reared cats.

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The cat's retinogeniculate pathway, immature at birth, develops physiologically and anatomically over the first three postnatal months. Visual deprivation from birth interferes with this maturation. Thus, monocular eye lid suture from birth leads to pronounced abnormalities in the morphology of

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