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Effect of ginkgolides on beta-amyloid-suppressed acetylocholine release from rat hippocampal slices.

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As Ginkgo has been shown to improve age-related memory de fi cits and beta-amyloid-related peptides have been suggested to play a signi fi cant role in memory degeneration in Alzheimer's disease, the present study was carried out to examine the effect of two major ginkgolides, A and B, on

Ginkgolide A, B, and huperzine A inhibit nitric oxide-induced neurotoxicity.

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Nitric oxide (NO) is believed to play important roles in neuronal degeneration. In this study, the effects of NO on cell growth and apoptosis have been examined in human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, was found to significantly inhibit cell growth and to

The therapeutic potential of ginkgolide K in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via peripheral immunomodulation.

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Multiple sclerosis is a T cell-mediated inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, accompanied by neuronal degeneration. Based on the anti-inflammatory effects of Ginkgolide K (GK), a platelet activating factor antagonist, we explored the possible application of GK in the

Phospholipase A2 inhibitors protect against prion and Abeta mediated synapse degeneration.

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BACKGROUND An early event in the neuropathology of prion and Alzheimer's diseases is the loss of synapses and a corresponding reduction in the level of synaptophysin, a pre-synaptic membrane protein essential for neurotransmission. The molecular mechanisms involved in synapse degeneration in these

Ginkgolide C Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Inflammatory Injury via Inhibition of CD40-NF-κB Pathway.

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Increasing evidence shows that inflammation plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Suppression of excessive inflammation can ameliorate impaired cardiac function, which shows therapeutic potential for clinical treatment of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion

Ginkgolide B Reduces the Degradation of Membrane Phospholipids to Prevent Ischemia/Reperfusion Myocardial Injury in Rats.

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Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a bioactive phospholipid, plays an important role in the integrity of the cellular membrane structure, and is involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injuries. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that blockage of PAF receptor by BN

Ginkgolide B exerts anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective activity in LPS-induced chondrocytes.

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BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of degenerative and chronic diseases of articular joints. Articular cartilage is an avascular tissue, and its primary cellular component is chondrocytes. The main characteristic of OA is non-classic inflammation and cartilage degeneration. Ginkgolide B (GB) is a

Neurotherapeutic effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and its terpene trilactone, ginkgolide B, on sciatic crush injury model: A new evidence.

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Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (GBE) was subjected to neuroprotective-guided fractionation to produce eleven fractions with different polarities and constituents. The intermediate polar fraction was shown to be terpene trilactones-enriched fraction (TEGBE). Out of this fraction, pure ginkgolide B

Platelet-activating factor receptor knockout mice are protected from MPTP-induced dopaminergic degeneration.

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Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent mediator of inflammatory and immune responses, plays various roles in neuronal functions. However, little is known about the role of PAF/platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) in Parkinson's disease. Treatment with

Amyloid-beta-induced pathological behaviors are suppressed by Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 and ginkgolides in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans.

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Amyloid-beta (Abeta) toxicity has been postulated to initiate synaptic loss and subsequent neuronal degeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously demonstrated that the standardized Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, commonly used to enhance memory and by AD patients for dementia, inhibits

A Possible Role for Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Treatment.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the third most prevalent neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons. An important pathway that may lead to motor neuron degeneration is neuroinflammation. Cerebrospinal Fluids of ALS patients have increased levels of the inflammatory

A2E-epoxides damage DNA in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Vitamin E and other antioxidants inhibit A2E-epoxide formation.

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The autofluorescent pigments that accumulate in retinal pigment epithelial cells with aging and in some retinal disorders have been implicated in the etiology of macular degeneration. The major constituent is the fluorophore A2E, a pyridinium bisretinoid. Light-exposed A2E-laden retinal pigment

The enduring legacy of Koji Nakanishi's research on bioorganic chemistry and natural products. Part 1: Isolation, structure determination and mode of action.

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In this brief review on Koji Nakanishi's remarkable career in natural products chemistry, we have highlighted a number of his accomplishments that illustrate the broad diversity of his interests. These include the isolation, structure determination, and biological mechanism of action of many natural

Ginkgo biloba--an appraisal.

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Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for about 5000 years. A standardized preparation, EGb 761 has been recently prepared. The pharmacologically active constituents, flavonol glycosides and the terpene lactones are standardized. The terpene lactones comprise of ginkgolides A,

[Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). State of knowledge in the dawn of the year 2000].

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EGb 761 is a standardized extract of dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba containing 24% ginkgo-flavonol glycosides, 6% terpene lactones such as ginkgolides A, B, C, J and bilobalide. Its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities allows it to be in adequacy to the numerous pathological

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