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Hypoxia promotes not only the invasiveness of tumor cells, but also chemoresistance in cancer. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) residing at the site of hypoxic region of tumors have been known to cooperate with tumor cells, and promote proliferation and chemoresistance. Therefore, there is an
Alanine plays a key role in the response of promastigotes to osmotic stress and to hypoxia. It is rapidly released in response to hypo-osmolality, is consumed from its large intracellular pool under iso-osmotic conditions even in the presence of glucose, and is synthesized under hyperosmotic
Temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration are important abiotic factors that can limit the growth and survival of sea cucumbers by affecting their immune systems. As global warming intensifies, sea cucumbers are increasingly exposed to adverse environmental conditions, which can cause severe