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4-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL) is a compound found in Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds, which have been used as part of traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. The synthesis of 4-HIL on a large scale is possible using fermentation methods (artificial synthesis) involving the
The first synthesis of an optically pure (2R,3R,4S)-hydantoin 2, analogue of (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine, was achieved in two steps in un-optimized 35% overall yield from previously reported aldehyde synthon 1. (2R,3R,4S)-Hydantoin is stable at acidic pH. This solves the major drawback of
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L) is a plant traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes. It contains an unusual amino acid, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, demonstrated to have insulinotropic and antidiabetic properties in animal models. Here we examine the effect of 4-hydroxyisoleucine on liver
The plant fenugreek has been used for centuries as a treatment for diabetes. This article presents evidence that the major isomer of 4-hydroxyisoleucine, an atypical branched-chain amino acid derived from fenugreek, is responsible for the effects of this plant on glucose and lipid metabolism.
The seeds of fenugreek, Trigonella foenum graecum, commonly used as a spice in Middle Eastern countries and widely used in south Asia and Europe, are known to have anti-diabetic properties. They contain an unusual amino acid (2S, 3R, 4S) 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4HO-Ile), so far found only in fenugreek,
Metabolic syndrome and its complications continue to rise in prevalence and show no signs of abating in the immediate future. Therefore, the search for effective treatments is a high priority in biomedical research. Products derived from botanicals have a time-honored history of use in the treatment
The current pharmacological therapy of type 2 diabetes reduces the risk of diabetic complications, but is not able to achieve a long-lasting normalization of the metabolic disorder. Thus diabetic patients in increasing numbers are taking dietary supplements and herbs from which they expect
4-Hydroxyisoleucine, a promising drug, has mainly been applied in the clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes in the pharmaceutical industry. l-Isoleucine hydroxylase specifically converts l-Ile to 4-hydroxyisoleucine. However, due to its poor thermostability, the industrial production of
l-isoleucine dioxygenase (IDO) is an Fe (II)/α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenase that specifically converts l-isoleucine (l-Ile) to (2S, 3R, 4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL). 4-HIL is an important drug for the treatment and prevention of type 1 and type 2 diabetes but the yields using