Involvement of glutathione metabolism in Eichhornia crassipes tolerance to arsenic.

Aquatic macrophytes are potentially useful for phytoremediation programmes in environments contaminated by arsenic (As). Biochemical and physiological modification analyses in different plant parts are important to understand As tolerance mechanisms. The objective was to evaluate glutathione metabolism in leaves and roots of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms treated to As. Specimens of E. crassipes were cultured for 3 days in Clark's nutrient solution containing 7 μm As. The enzymes ATP sulphurylase (ATPS), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione sulphotransferase (GST) and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) activity, glutathione content, total protein and non-protein thiols were evaluated. The ATPS activity increased in roots. GR activity in leaves and GSH-Px in roots were lower. GST activity was higher in roots and lower in leaves, and γ-ECS activity was higher in leaves. Glutathione levels were lower, total thiol levels were higher and non-protein levels did not change in E. crassipes leaves and roots. Exposure to As increased enzyme activity involved with sulphur metabolism, such as ATPS. Higher GR activity and lower GSH-Px indicate increased glutathione conjugation to As due to increased GSH availability. The higher GST activity indicates its participation in As detoxification and accumulation through As GSH conjugation. Changes in glutathione and thiol levels suggest high phytochelatin synthesis. In conclusion, the increments in ATPS, GR, GST and γ-ECS activity indicate that these enzymes are involved in GSH metabolism and are part of the E. crassipes As detoxification mechanism.