This group consists of twenty autistic children received forty sessions of HBOT, the time of the session is one hour. The sessions were done at pressure 1.5 ATA (atmosphere absolute) and with 100% oxygen concentration, either in multiplace or monoplace chamber. The number of sessions per week allowed is five sessions per week, all participants were required to complete forty sessions within two months. After six months from the last session, another forty sessions would be taken in the same manner

This group consists of twenty autistic children received Risperidone (dose: 0.25 mg per day in children weighing less than (20 kg); 0.5 mg per day in persons weighing more) for eight months.
The medication schedule in the initial 2 months was based on the child's weight and clinical response. Adjusting the total daily dose according to response and/or adverse effects, at the end of these eight months of treatment we began the discontinuation phase. In this phase, gradual placebo substitution occurs. The discontinuation reduced the maintenance dose by 25% per week. Thus, the dose was 75% of the last week in the eight months for the first week, followed by 50% of the last week for the second week, 25% of the last week for the third week, and placebo only by the fourth week.

This group consists of twenty autistic children received HBOT as the HBOT group in addition to Risperidone as the Risperidone group in the same manner and duration

This group consists of twenty autistic children received placebo in the form of multivitamins

Autism Spectrum Disorder

It is antipsychotic drug used by dose: 0.25 mg per day in children weighing less than (20 kg); 0.5 mg per day in persons weighing more for 8 months.

Risperidone

Sessions were done at pressure 1.5 ATA (atmosphere absolute) with 100% oxygen concentration, each lasting for one hour either in multiplace chamber or in monoplace chamber.

hyperbaric oxygen therapy

control group received non specific multivitamins as placebo for 8 months.

Non specific Multivitamin

Therapeutic Issues for Autism

Therapeutic Issues for Autism Spectrum Disorders: a Clinical Trial

The CARS is a 15 items behavioral rating scale developed to identify autism as well as to quantitatively describe the severity of the disorder. The items are as follows: I. Relating to People; II. Imitation; III. Emotional Response; IV. Body Use; V. Object Use; VI. Adaptation to Change; VII. Visual Response; VIII. Listening Response; IX. Taste; Smell, and Touch Response and Use; X. Fear or Nervousness; XI. Verbal Communication; XII. Nonverbal Communication; XIII. Activity Level; XIV. Level and Consistency of Intellectual Response; and XV. General Impressions. Each item is scored from 1 (no pathology) to 4 (severe pathology) in 0.5 intervals. A total score of 15-29.5 is considered non-autistic to minimal; a score of 30-36.5 is considered mild to moderate autism; a score of 37-60 is considered severe autism (these are based on raw scores)

Asmaa Salah

principal investigator

Minia University

Children were divided into four groups.Twenty autistic children in each group. They followed up for 2 years.

Patients will receive prednisolone 15 mg once daily and will be randomized within 4 weeks of the start of glucocorticoid therapy (prednisolone). Prednisolon will be tapered according to a short fixed protocol with a slow gradual taper till 0 in week 27. During the first 2 weeks after randomization patients will receive Leflunomide 20 mg every other day in order to prevent early drug withdrawal due to side effects. After 2 weeks Leflunomide will be increased to 20 mg once daily and this therapy will be continued during 12 months.

Patients will receive prednisolone 15 mg once daily and will be randomized within 4 weeks of the start of glucocorticoid therapy (prednisolone). Prednisolon will be tapered according to a short fixed protocol with a slow gradual taper till 0 in week 27. During the first 2 weeks after randomization patients will receive placebo 20 mg every other day in order to prevent early drug withdrawal due to side effects. After 2 weeks placebo will be increased to 20 mg once daily and this therapy will be continued during 12 months.

Polymyalgia Rheumatica

During the first 2 weeks after randomization patients will receive Leflunomide 20 mg every other day. After 2 weeks Leflunomide will be increased to 20 mg once daily and this therapy will be continued during 12 months.

Leflunomide 20 mg

Patients in both groups will receive prednisolone 15 mg once daily and will be randomized within 4 weeks of the start of glucocorticoid therapy (prednisolone). Prednisolon will be tapered according to a short fixed protocol with a slow gradual taper till 0 in week 27.

Prednisolone

ZGT Almelo

University Medical Center Groningen

Treatment With Leflunomide in Patients With Polymyalgia Rheumatica

A Multicenter Randomized Placebo Controlled Treatment Study of Leflunomide in Polymyalgia Rheumatica

Relapse or recurrence will be measured according to an adaptation, based on expert opinion, to consensus criteria for PMR:
Patient global higher than 3/10 and
Physician global higher than 1/10 and
An increased CRP ( > 5 mg/L)
It is called a "relapse" if it was observed during glucocorticoid tapering and is called a "recurrence" if it was observed after glucocorticoid withdrawal.

Percentage: patients with relapse in the first 12 or 24 months divided by total participating patients.

Total days until patient has no glucocorticoid treatment and no signs of PMR.

Glucocorticoid dose after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months.
Cumulative glucocorticoid dose after 12, 18 and 24 months

Elisabeth Brouwer

Principal investigator

Dutch Arthritis Foundation Reuma Nederland

Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled treatment study during 12 months (part I) and an additional open-label follow-up of 12 months (part II).

sea/nekroz

Therapeutic Issues for Autism

Treatment With Leflunomide in Patients With Polymyalgia Rheumatica

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