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BACKGROUND
Inflammation-induced changes in smooth muscle may be the consequence of changes in the properties of smooth muscle itself, in the control by nerves and hormones, in the microenvironment, or in the balance of constitutive or induced mediators. A general concept is that the specific
We now have to consider the airway smooth muscle as an actor of the bronchial inflammation in asthma. In addition to its bronchoconstricting role in response to mediators secreted by the adjacent cells and tissues, that may be considered as to be passive regarding the airway inflammation, the airway
Inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases and facilitate the recruitment, activation, and trafficking of inflammatory cells in the airways. Compelling evidence now shows that airway smooth muscle expresses adhesion molecules and secretes inflammatory
It is widely accepted that airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction plays a key role in asthmatic attacks. Whether abnormalities of contractility or autonomic regulation exist in the asthmatic ASM is still debated. Studies based on isometric contraction failed to show differences in the
Airway smooth muscle tone is influenced by many neurotransmitters, inflammatory mediators and drugs which interact direct or indirectly with specific surface receptors on smooth muscle cells. There have recently been important advances in our understanding of receptor mechanisms which may be
Responsiveness of airway smooth muscle is influenced by various factors including autonomic nervous system, inflammatory cells and degrading enzymes. Hyperresponsiveness of airway smooth muscle may elucidated by functional abnormalities of inhibitory factors and abnormal production of potentiating
BACKGROUND
Recent observations in asthma suggest that bronchial smooth muscle is infiltrated by inflammatory cells including mast cells. Such an infiltration may contribute to airway remodelling that is partly due to an increase in smooth muscle mass. Whether muscle increase is the result of smooth
In asthma, it is unclear if the airway smooth muscle cells proliferate more or are increased at the onset of asthma and remain stable. This study aimed to compare smooth muscle cell proliferation in individuals with and without asthma and correlate proliferation rates with cell size and number and
Inflammation markedly alters the motility patterns of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting mostly in decreased excitability of smooth muscle. There is emerging evidence indicating that inflammation alters ion channel expression and function of smooth muscle cells. In this review we summarize
The retinoid X receptor (RXR) partners with numerous nuclear receptors, such as the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) family, liver X receptors (LXRs), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Although each heterodimer can be activated by specific ligands, a subset of these receptors, defined
Airway smooth muscle contributes to changes in airway caliber not only through the variations in its tone but also through its contribution to thickness of the airway wall. Until recently, most attention was paid to the agents that altered airway smooth muscle tone, their receptors, the signal
This review examines the roles and functional significance of alpha and beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in airway smooth muscle, with emphasis on human airway function and the influence of asthma. Specifically, we have examined the distribution of beta-adrenoceptors in lung and the influence of age, the
Evidence suggests that airway smooth muscle, the most important cell modulating bronchomotor tone, plays an important immunomodulatory role in the orchestration and perpetuation of airway inflammation. The signaling pathways that modulate leukocyte function may be disparate from those found in