Propofol vs Propofol + Benzo/Opiates in High Risk Group
关键词
抽象
描述
The use of propofol (2,6-di-isopropofol) for sedation during endoscopic procedures has increased in recent years primarily because of its favorable pharmacokinetic profile compared with traditional endoscopic sedation with benzodiazepines and opioids. Propofol has a rapid onset of action (30-45 sec) and short duration of effect (4-8 min). There also are data to support the safe use of propofol for advanced endoscopic procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).
There is limited information on the incidence of sedation related complications during advanced endoscopy. Prior studies were limited by controlled patient populations at low risk of developing sedation related cardiopulmonary complications. In a recent study, we defined the frequency of sedation related adverse events including the rate of airway modifications (AMs) with propofol use during advanced endoscopy. From a total of 799 patients, AMs were required in 14.4% of patients, hypoxemia in 12.8%, hypotension in 0.5% and premature termination in 0.6% of the patients. In addition, body mass index (BMI), male sex and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class of 3 or higher were independent predictors of AMs. Similarly, Wehrmann and Riphaus identified ASA class of 3 or higher, total propofol dose, history of alcohol use and having an emergency endoscopy as independent factors for sedation related complications in patients undergoing advanced procedures.
Given the alarming rates of obesity in the United States, it is believed that the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be 10% or higher and in obese adults these numbers could be as high as 25%. Using a previously validated screening tool for OSA [STOP-BANG (SB)], we reported a prevalence rate of patients at risk for OSA of 43.3% in patients undergoing advanced endoscopy procedures. Patients at risk for OSA with a positive SB score (score ≥ 3 of 8) had a higher rate of AMs (20% vs. 6.1%, adjusted relative risk 1.7) and frequency of hypoxemia (12% vs. 5.2%, adjusted relative risk 1.63) compared to those at low risk for OSA. Thus, based on the available data, it appears that ASA class 3 or higher, high BMI, and patients at risk for OSA are factors that place patients undergoing advanced endoscopy procedures at high risk for sedation related complications including airway modifications.
The optimal method for achieving deep sedation in this high risk group of patients is unclear. Propofol may accentuate airway collapse as patients become unresponsive to verbal stimulation (deep sedation). Recent studies suggest that propofol with midazolam and/or opioids may be synergistic in action and therefore the combined application of these drugs may permit smaller doses of each to be used and potentially lead to a reduction in risk of complications and in the dose of propofol needed while retaining the individual advantages of each compound. There is limited data evaluating the synergistic effect of propofol with midazolam and opioids in patients undergoing advanced endoscopy procedures. Ong and colleagues in a randomized controlled trial compared patient sedation and tolerance during ERCP using propofol alone or midazolam, ketamine and pentazocine (sedato-analgesic cocktail) for induction along with propofol for maintenance. Patient tolerance as assessed by visual analog scales by endoscopist and anesthetist were higher in the combination group. Paspatis et al reported higher dosage of intravenous propofol required in patients being sedated with propofol alone compared with that required in patients receiving oral dose of midazolam with propofol for ERCP procedures. In addition, the patients' anxiety levels before the procedure were lower in the combination group. The mean percentage decline in the oxygen saturation during the procedure was significantly greater in propofol alone group. However, these studies excluded patients deemed to be at a high risk for sedation related complications. Patients with ASA class 3 or higher were excluded, the mean BMI was less than 25, and included only patients at average risk for complications associated with sedation.
The significance of synergistic sedation in patients undergoing advanced endoscopy procedures in the high risk patients is unclear. The overall risk of sedation related complications is thought to be higher compared to standard endoscopy due to longer procedure times and the need for relatively deeper levels of sedation.
日期
最后验证: | 08/31/2016 |
首次提交: | 03/10/2011 |
提交的预估入学人数: | 03/10/2011 |
首次发布: | 03/14/2011 |
上次提交的更新: | 09/07/2016 |
最近更新发布: | 10/27/2016 |
首次提交结果的日期: | 05/25/2016 |
首次提交质量检查结果的日期: | 09/07/2016 |
首次发布结果的日期: | 10/27/2016 |
实际学习开始日期: | 12/31/2010 |
预计主要完成日期: | 06/30/2014 |
预计完成日期: | 06/30/2014 |
状况或疾病
干预/治疗
Drug: Propofol Alone
Drug: Propofol+Benzo/Opioids
相
手臂组
臂 | 干预/治疗 |
---|---|
Active Comparator: Propofol+Benzo/Opioids If the patient is randomized into this arm the recommended Versed and Fentanyl doses are standardized:
Recommended Versed:
a. Prior to intubation
patient is < 50 kg = 1 mg Versed
patient is 50-75 kg = 1.5 mg Versed
patient is > 75 kg = 2 mg Versed
Recommended Fentanyl
Prior to intubation = 0.5 ug/kg
Total procedural dose = 1 ug/kg | Drug: Propofol+Benzo/Opioids Recommended Versed:
a. Prior to intubation
patient is < 50 kg = 1 mg Versed
patient is 50-75 kg = 1.5 mg Versed
patient is > 75 kg = 2 mg Versed
Recommended Fentanyl
Prior to intubation = 0.5 ug/kg
Total procedural dose = 1 ug/kg |
Active Comparator: Propofol Alone The patients randomized into the sedation with propofol alone are able to cross over if they are unable to be successfully sedated under propofol alone. The the recommended doses before considering crossover are standardized:
Induction Dose: 2-2.5 mg/kg
Maintenance Dose: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/min | Drug: Propofol Alone Recommended Propofol doses before considering crossover:
Induction: 2-2.5 mg/kg
Maintenance: 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/min |
资格标准
有资格学习的年龄 | 18 Years 至 18 Years |
有资格学习的性别 | All |
接受健康志愿者 | 是 |
标准 | Inclusion Criteria: - Ability to provide informed consent - Age greater than or equal to 18 years - Presence of at least 1 of the following criteria: 1. ASA class 3 or higher 2. BMI of 30 or greater 3. At risk for OSA (score of 3 or greater on the STOP-BANG screening tool) Exclusion Criteria: - drug allergy to Propofol, Benzodiazepines, or Opioids - patients who received Benzodiazepines or Opioids within 24 hours of the procedure |
结果
主要结果指标
1. Number of Participants Who Experience Airway Maneuvers [One day (during procedure)]
次要成果指标
1. Number of Participants Who Experience Other Sedation Related Complications [One day (during procedure)]
2. Compare Propofol Doses Between the Two Groups [One day (during procedure)]
3. Predictors of Sedation Related Complications as Measured by the Number of Participants Who Experience Hypoxemia (Defined as a Pulse Oximetry <90% for Any Duration) [One year]
4. Predictors of Sedation Related Complications as Measured by Hypopnea/Apnea (Defined as Fewer Than 6 Breaths/Minute Based on Capnography) [One year]
5. Predictors of Sedation Related Complications as Measured by the Incidences of Hypotension (Defined as Systolic Blood Pressure of Less Than 90mmHg or a Decrease of More Than 25% From Baseline) [One year]
6. Predictors of Sedation Related Complications as Measured by Early Procedure Termination for an Alternative Sedation Related Complication [One year]
7. Patient Tolerance as Assessed by Endoscopists [24-48 hours]
8. Number of Participants Who Experience Symptoms of Nausea and Vomiting Will be Compared Between the Two Groups [24-48 hours]