Nuezhenide exerts anti-inflammatory activity via the NF-κB pathway

Background: Nuezhenide (NZD), an iridoid glycoside isolated from Ilex pubescens Hook. & Arn. var. kwangsiensis Hand.-Mazz. used as a traditional Chinese medicine of clearing away heat and toxic materials, displays a variety of biological activities like anti-tumor, antioxidant, and protecting live. However, few studies involving anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of NZD are reported. In the present study, NZD's anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects were illustrated.

Objective: This study aims to test the hypothesis that NZD suppresses LPS-induced inflammation by targeting the NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 cells.

Methods: LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were employed to detect the effect of NZD on cytokine releases by ELISA. Protein expression levels of related molecular markers were quantitated by western blotting analysis. The levels of ROS, NO, and Ca2+ were detected by the flow cytometry. The changes in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed and verified by a fluorescence microscopy. Using immunofluorescence assay, the translocation of NF-κB/p65 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus was determined by a confocal microscopy.

Results: NZD exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines such as nitrite, TNF-α, and IL6. NZD suppressed the expression of the phosphorylated proteins like IKKα/β, IκBα, and p65. In addition, the flow cytometry results indicated that NZD inhibited the levels of ROS, NO, and Ca2+ in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. JC-1 assay data showed that NZD reversed LPS-induced MMP loss. Furthermore, NZD suppressed LPS-induced NF-B/p65 translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.

Conclusions: NZD exhibits anti-inflammatory effects via the NF-κB pathway in RAW264.7 cells.

Keywords: LPS; Nuezhenide; RAW264.7 cells; anti-inflammation; the NF-κB pathway.