Osteomyelitis of the costal arches after breast prosthesis implantation.

Kalimeris indica (L) Sch-Bip (K. indica) is a medicinal plant used by the Miao ethnic group in the Guizhou province of China. It is widely used as a fresh vegetable to treat colds, diarrhea and gastric ulcers. However, few studies have been conducted on the mechanism of its effect on colds, and the quality control of K. indica. The anti-complement and antitussive activities of different polar extracts of K. indica were evaluated. Fifty-nine compounds, mainly including phenols and flavonoids, were identified in K. indica extract by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). A method was established through UHPLC with a photo-diode array (UHPLC-PDA) to simultaneously determine the anti-complement and antitussive activity of five compounds in K. indica combining chemical identification with chemometrics for the discrimination and quality assessment of K. indica. Also, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid exhibited significantly higher anti-complementary activity than the other three compounds. The quantitative data were further analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Heatmap visualization was conducted to clarify the distribution of the major compounds in different geographical origins. Screening pharmacological activities by a combination of chemometrics and chemical identification might be an effective method for the quality control of K. indica.