OBJECTIVE
Aconitum alkaloids mainly contain highly toxic aconitine (AC), mesaconitine (MA), and hypaconitine (HA) and less toxic benzoylaconine (BAC), benzoylmesaconine (BMA), benzoylhypaconine (BHA), aconine, mesaconine, and hypaconine. The efflux transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp),