The LFD wil receive advice on how to follow a low FODMAP diet. They wil follow this diet for 4 weeks. Thereafter they receive advice on how to reintroduce high FODMAPs again.

Control group. Participants follow their regular gluten-free diet (GFD), with no changes to their diet. They wil receive the same dietary advice as the LFD-group after the 4-week study.

Celiac Disease

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Diet Modification

Gluten Sensitivity

The intervention group follows the low FODMAP diet for 4 weeks.

Low FODMAP diet

Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet HF, Oslo University Hospital

Effect of FODMAP Restriction on Persistent GI-symptoms in Coeliac Patients

Effect of Fermentable Oligo-, di-, and Monosaccharides and Polyols (FODMAP) Restriction on Persistent GI-symptoms in Coeliac Patients

Measured by score in gastrointestinal symptom rating scale for irritable bowel syndrome (GSRS-IBS). The scoring is based on a 7-grade Likert scale in which 1 point indicates no symptoms and 7 points the most severe gastrointestinal symptoms. The total score in the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale for irritable bowel syndrome is calculated as a mean value of all 13 items. The maximum score is 91 and the minimum score is 13. A higher score means more severe symptoms. A score higher than 1 standard deviation (SD, 0.66 points) compared to the control mean are considered to have increased gastrointestinal symptoms.

Altered faecal microbiota diversity, measured as a change in diversity and/or abundance or strains from baseline and after 4 weeks on a low FODMAP diet.

Changes in short form-36 (SF-36) as a measure of quality of life. SF-36 covers four physical health perceptions (physical functioning, role limitations because of physical health problems, bodily pain, and general health) and four mental health concepts (vitality, social functioning, role limitations because of personal or emotional problems, and mental health perceptions). Each scale is directly transformed into a 0-100 scale on the assumption that each question carries equal weight. The range of score is 0 to 100, where a higher score means better quality of life and the lower the score the more disability. A total score for mental health and physical health is calculated as an average of the subscales, with a range from 0 to 100. Here also the higher the score the better quality of life. The standardized combined scores in several populations have a mean of 50 and standard deviation 10. The scoring wil be performed as in the SF-36 scoring manual.

Knut E. A. Lundin

Professor medicine

Oslo University Hospital

The intervention group receives advice on following the low-FODMAP diet, and the control group follows their regular gluten free diet.

Pregnant women with Body Mass Index (BMI) > = 30. Body weight and height were measured in an overnight fasting status using an adult scale (Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Prepregnancy BMI was calculated as weight in kg divided by height in meters squared based on the prenatal chart or on the self-reported weight of women with no prenatal chart.
Dietetic treatment was calculated according to height, weeks of gestation, and weight, considering an energy intake of 30 kcal/kg of ideal weight and a macronutrient distribution of: 55-65% carbohydrates, 10-20% fat, and the remainder as proteins.

Pregnant women with Body Mass Index (BMI) < 30. Body weight and height were measured in an overnight fasting status using an adult scale (Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Prepregnancy BMI was calculated as weight in kg divided by height in meters squared based on the prenatal chart or on the self-reported weight of women with no prenatal chart.
Dietetic treatment was calculated according to height, weeks of gestation, and weight, considering an energy intake of 30 kcal/kg of ideal weight and a macronutrient distribution of: 55-65% carbohydrates, 10-20% fat, and the remainder as proteins.

Leukocytes were obtained according to the ACK-lysing buffer (LONZA) protocol. Briefly, a peripheral blood sample was placed in EDTA tube and then centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 min. All samples were kept at -80°C until further analysis. DNA was extracted from leukocytes (4000-10,000 cells) in the MagnaPure (Roche) using the MagNAPure LC DNA Isolation Kit 1 (Roche, Germany).

Body Weight

Methylation of the PPARg Promoter Region in Pregnancy

Methylation Evaluation of the PPARg Promoter Region (-351 to -260) in Pregnancy

The treatment of DNA (2 µg) was performed with sodium bisulfite (EZ DNA Methylation-Direct Kit, ZymoResearch). For the control group, we used purified human methylated and unmethylated DNA (Zymo Research) with specific oligonucleotides. Lymphocyte DNA from healthy donors was used as negative control, and methylated DNA "in vitro" with Sss I enzyme (New England Biolabs) was used as positive control for methylation.
The methylated (M3) and unmethylated (U3) primers used were those proposed by Pancione et al.

Hugo Mendieta Zeron

Médico Internista adscrito a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Obstétricos

Materno-Perinatal Hospital of the State of Mexico

Placebo 1.2 g per day for 12 weeks, followed by a second treatment period with aged garlic extract during 12 more weeks.

Aged garlic extract, 1.2 g per day for 12 weeks, followed by a second treatment period with placebo during 12 more weeks.

Metabolic Syndrome

Aged garlic extract, 1.2 g per day for 12 weeks

aged garlic extract

Placebo

Medicine School, Universidad de Santander

Trial of Supplementation With Aged Garlic Extract to Improve Endothelial Function in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome

A PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL OF THE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH KIOLIC® IN PATIENTS WITH DIAGNOSIS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME TO IMPROVE ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AND INFLAMMATORY STATE. "KYMES"

The flow mediated vasodilation is a non-invasive diagnostic test using high-resolution doppler ultrasound, that measures the changes in diameter of the brachial artery in response to increased blood flow (reactive hyperemia).
The plasma levels of nitrites/nitrates will be determined by immunoassay (R&D Systems, Inc)

During the initial and follow-up visits, a blood sample will be taken to determine C-reactive protein by high sensitivity chemiluminescent immunometric assay (IMMULITE 1000, DPC, Los Angeles, CA) and Interleukin-6 by immunoassay (Biosource International, Camarillo, CA)

Blood samples will be taken at the initial and follow-up visits (12,24 weeks) to determine blood glucose by automatic colorimetric method (Baker System 9120 AX, Biochem Immunosystem, Allentown, PA)and insulin plasma levels by high sensitivity chemiluminescent immunometric assay (IMMULITE 1000, DPC, Los Angeles, CA).

Anthropometric measures will be determined at the initial and follow-up visits (12,24 weeks).

Blood samples will be taken at the initial and follow-up visits (12,24 weeks) to determine adiponectin by Human Adiponectin/Acrp30 Quantikine ELISA (R&D Systems, USA)

Patricio López-Jaramillo

Universidad de Santander

Instituto de Salud de Bucaramanga

Subjects will consume 7.5 grams of fructan

Subjects will consume 10 grams of fructan

Subjects will consume 12.5 grams of fructan

Experimental - 5 grams Fructan
Subjects will consume 5 grams of Fructan.

Healthy Volunteers

Fructan - 7.5

Fructan - 10

Fructan - 12.5

Fructan -- 5 grams

University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

Investigation of Dietary Absorptive Capacity of Fructans in Healthy Subjects - A Dose Response Study

Investigation of Dietary Absorptive Capacity of Fructans in Healthy Subjects - A Randomized, Double-Blind Dose Response Study

Measure breath sample concentration for hydrogen and methane levels in parts per million

Production of bothersome GI symptoms such as gas, bloating, cramping or abdominal pain during breath test. Symptoms were mesured using a validated symptom questionnaire.

allium consanguineum/carbohydrate

Effect of FODMAP Restriction on Persistent GI-symptoms in Coeliac Patients

Methylation of the PPARg Promoter Region in Pregnancy

Trial of Supplementation With Aged Garlic Extract to Improve Endothelial Function in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome

Investigation of Dietary Absorptive Capacity of Fructans in Healthy Subjects - A Dose Response Study

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