Patients who received a SGLT2 inhibitor alone (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin) or in combination with non-DPP4 inhibitor drugs at cohort entry date.

Patients who received a DPP-4 inhibitor (alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, vildagliptin) alone or in combination with non-SGLT2 inhibitor drugs at cohort entry date.

Type2 Diabetes

Myocardial Infarction

Ischemic Stroke

Cardiovascular Death

Heart Failure

All-Cause Mortality

Exposure to SGLT2 will be defined as a prescription for a SGLT2 inhibitor alone (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin) or in combination with non-DPP4 inhibitor drugs at cohort entry date.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors

Exposure to DPP-4 will be defined as a prescription for a DPP-4 inhibitor (alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, vildagliptin) alone or in combination with non-SGLT2 inhibitor drugs at cohort entry date.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors

This is the organization's website describing general functions, other CNODES projects, and investigator profiles.

Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital

Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors and Risk of Cardiovascular Events

Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: a Multicenter Cohort Study

Patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction recorded as the most responsible diagnosis or present on admission in the hospitalization record with the following ICD-10-CA codes: I21.x.

Patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke recorded as the most responsible diagnosis or present on admission in the hospitalization record with the following ICD-10-CA codes: I63.x, I64.x.

Cardiovascular death will be defined using the following algorithm:
In-hospital death with a cardiovascular diagnosis (ICD-10-CA: I00.x-I77.x (except I46.9)) recorded as the most responsible diagnosis or present on admission; or
Out-of-hospital death (including death in the emergency department) without:
Documentation of cancer (ICD-9-CM: 140-172, 174-209; ICD-10-CA: C00-C43, C45-C97) in hospital, emergency department or physician claims data in the prior year; or
Documentation of trauma (ICD-9-CM: 800-999, E000-E999; ICD-10-CA: S00-T98, V01-Y98) in hospital, emergency department or physician claims data in the preceding month.
In a sensitivity analysis, the algorithm will be validated in the sites with access to vital statistics data with cause of death.

Patients hospitalized for heart failure recorded as the most responsible diagnosis in the hospitalization record with the following ICD-10-CA codes: I11.0, I13.0, I13.2, I50.x.

Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies, CNODES

Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network, Canada

Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)

3-week thermal cure:
Spa treatment harmonized in the different stations
Therapeutic education workshops and conferences common to all stations in the form of practical workshops during supervised lunches
Adapted physical activity, workshops are common to all spas and use an electric bike suitable for health (VELIS) with briefing and debriefing. An APA (Adapted Physical Activity) coaching consultation at the end of the cure for personalized post-cure programs and objectives is planned as well as a telephone or internet coaching during the 5 months post-cure (objectives and adaptation, motivation)
Maintenance of the usual treatment within 6 months post randomization with optimization of the therapeutic target in HbA1c and therapeutic strategies by the software Diascope and / or HAS
Information booklet for inclusion (French Association of Diabetics)

Maintenance of usual treatment within 6 months post-randomization with optimization of the therapeutic target in HbA1c and therapeutic strategies by Diascope and HAS software In addition, a "discovery" access to the baths of 2-3 days will be offered to patients. Finally, the information booklet on diabetes will be given at the inclusion (French Federation of Diabetics).

Diabetes Mellitus

Physical Activity

Dietetic Rules

Therapeutic Education

3 weeks SPA Treatment plus therapeutic education plus physical activity

SPA Treatment with therapeutic education and physical activity

access to the station for a week end after maintenance of usual treatment during 6 months

Week end

ROUSSEL Ludivine

SOUDET Simon

ODDOU Christel

CLERGEOT Annie

WATERLOT

DAOUDI

PENFORNIS Alfred

BETRY Cécile

PARADIS Sabrina

Evaluation of the Benefit at 6 Months of a 3 Weeks Spa Treatment in the Type 2 Diabetic Patient.

Evaluation of the Benefit at 6 Months of a 3 Weeks Spa Treatment in the Type 2 Diabetic Patient. Multicenter Randomized Therapeutic Trial

Difference in mean HbA1c between the intervention group (spa treatment) at 6 months post start of treatment and the reference group (usual care) at 6 months post randomization taking into account (Ancova) the last value of d HbA1c available (at baseline or at baseline).

Success defined by three criteria for the evolution of HbA1c: percentage of patients with HbA1c less than or equal to 7% (HAS Criterion) or percentage of patients with at least 1% reduction in HbA1c or percentage of patients who achieved the target HbA1c defined at inclusion

HbA1C at 12 months in quantitative value adjusted to the value at inclusion

The ADDQOL (Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life Scale) contain 19 domains.
These 19 domains ask the respondents to evaluate how their life would be if they did not have diabetes. The scales range from −3 to +1 for 19 life domains (impact rating) and from 0 to +3 in attributed importance (importance rating). A weighted score for each domain is calculated as a multiplier of impact rating and importance rating (ranging from −9 to +3). Lower scores reflect poorer QoL. Finally, a mean weighted impact score (ADDQOL score) is calculated for the entire scale across all applicable domains.

Euroquol 5D (EQ5D- 3L) quality of life scale. Euroquol 5D (EQ5D- 3L) quality of life scale. EQ-5D is a standardized instrument developed by the EuroQol Group as a measure of health-related quality of life that can be used in a wide range of health conditions and treatments. The EQ5D-3L contains 5 dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression).
Each dimension has 3 levels (no problem, some problem, extreme problem).

evaluation of the medical care of patients (treatments, paramedical procedures, hospitalizations ...), comparison between the 2 groups of treatment modifications.

Evolution of overweight (abdominal perimeter)

Evolution at 6 months and 12 months of the clinical repercussions of diabetes (collection of declarative SAEs with validation by a committee). Analysis of hospitalizations related to diabetes (macro and microvascular repercussions, metabolic complications, severe hypoglycaemia).

Measurement of physical activity at 6 and 12 months with Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ score).The Global Questionnaire on Physical Exercise (GPAQ), has 16 questions.
The score obtained makes it possible to establish three profiles: insufficient level of physical activity, level according to the recommendations, high level

Pre and post cure measurement of physical performance. Evolution of performances during bike rides (VELIS). Profile of the parameters recorded on the VELIS (cardio, speed, electric power supplied by the engine, pressure on the pedals) at the beginning and end of treatment on the same reference course.

Assessment of self-esteem building with the Rosenberg score.The Rosenberg score is between 10 and 40.
The interpretation of the results is identical for a man or a woman. score below 25, self-esteem is very low. score between 25 and 31, self-esteem is low. score between 31 and 34, self-esteem is average. score between 34 and 39, self-esteem is strong. score above 39, self-esteem is very strong

Evaluate the participation in thermal treatment, education and physical activity

Evaluation of the achievement of educational objectives of health behaviors by intermediate telephone follow-up.

Evaluation of the side effects of the thermal treatment (SAE reporting). Evaluation of all adverse events attributable to treatment, or not, according to the usual criteria of pharmacovigilance in clinical trials

Sub group analysis on the primary outcome measure (stratification on primo spa therapy and age (median 62 years)).

Association Francaise pour la Recherche Thermale

TIMC-IMAG

Floralis

Multicenter, Controlled, Randomized, Open Group Therapeutic Trial

We wil use the zelen randomisation to minimize patient disappointment. The patient will be advice of only one group (3 weeks SPA treatment or only a week end access to the SPA)

Current use of incretin-based drugs ((DPP-4 inhibitors [sitagliptin, vildagliptin, and saxagliptin] or GLP-1 analogs [exenatide, liraglutide]) alone or in combination with other anti-diabetic drugs (if the prescription overlaps with the index or event day with a 30-day grace period).

Current use of insulins between base cohort entry and the index or event day (alone or in combination with other anti-diabetic drugs) and no current use of incretin-based drugs.

Current use of 2 or more non-insulin anti-diabetic medications (biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides) (if the prescriptions overlap with the index or event day with a 30-day grace period), and no current use of incretin-based drugs or insulins.

Current use of any single non-insulin anti-diabetic medications (biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides) (if the prescription overlaps with the index or event day with a 30-day grace period) and no current use of more than 2 OHAs, incretin-based drugs, or insulins.

All patients not currently exposed to: incretin-based drugs, insulins, ≥2 OHAs, or a single OHA.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Current exposure to DPP-4 inhibitors (ATC A10BH, A10BD07-A10BD13) will be defined as a prescription duration plus a 30-day grace period (to account for non-adherence and the biological half-lives of these drugs) that overlaps with the index day.

DPP-4 inhibitors

Current exposure to GLP-1 analogs (ATC A10BX04, A10BX07) will be defined as a prescription duration plus a 30-day grace period (to account for non-adherence and the biological half-lives of these drugs) that overlaps with the index day.

GLP-1 analogs

Current exposure to insulin (ATC A10A) will be defined as any use of insulin between base cohort entry and the index day.

Insulins

Current exposure to biguanides (ATC A10BA) will be defined as a prescription duration plus a 30-day grace period (to account for non-adherence and the biological half-lives of these drugs) that overlaps with the index day.

Biguanides

Current exposure to sulfonylureas (ATC A10BB or A10BC) will be defined as a prescription duration plus a 30-day grace period (to account for non-adherence and the biological half-lives of these drugs) that overlaps with the index day.

Sulfonylureas

Current exposure to thiazolidinediones (ATC A10BG) will be defined as a prescription duration plus a 30-day grace period (to account for non-adherence and the biological half-lives of these drugs) that overlaps with the index day.

Thiazolidinediones

Current exposure to alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (ATC A10BF) will be defined as a prescription duration plus a 30-day grace period (to account for non-adherence and the biological half-lives of these drugs) that overlaps with the index day.

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Current exposure to meglitinides (ATC A10BX02, A10BX03) will be defined as a prescription duration plus a 30-day grace period (to account for non-adherence and the biological half-lives of these drugs) that overlaps with the index (event)day.

Meglitinides

Incretin-based Drugs and the Risk of Heart Failure

Incretin-based Drugs and the Risk of Heart Failure: A Multi-center Network Observational Study

Patients hospitalized for incident heart failure (HF) recorded in either the discharge abstract or hospitalization record with the following ICD codes:
ICD-9 code: 428.x
ICD-10 code: I50.x
For patients who had no history of prior HF, cases were identified by the presence of a HF diagnosis in any position (most responsible, primary, or secondary), while for patients with a history of established HF, the event definition was restricted to those with a HF diagnosis as the primary or most responsible reason for hospitalization.

Take two capsules, twice daily before breakfast and dinner

Blood Pressure

Onion-Pumpkin Extract

The Effects of the Onion-Pumpkin Extract on Blood Pressure

The Effects of the Onion-Pumpkin Extract on Blood Pressure: An Open-label, Adaptive-design, Pilot Study

Medicus Research, LLC

Participants in the voglibose group were administered a voglibose tablet (0.2 mg) three times daily before meals.

Participants assigned to the control group were treated only with diet and exercise therapy.

Impaired Glucose Tolerance

voglibose

diet and exercise therapy

National Cardiovascular Center

Assessment of an Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor to Block Cardiac Events in Patients With MI and IGT

The Japan Working Group for the Assessment That the Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor Blocks Cardiac Events in Patients With Myocardial Infarction and IGT

the time till the first cardiovascular composite endpoint of death from the time till the first cardiovascular composite endpoint of death from cardiovascular death, and hospitalization due to nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal unstable angina[16], nonfatal stroke, or treatment with coronary revascularisation

Hospitalization due to coronary artery disease

Development or deterioration of either hypertension or hyperlipidemia

Hospitalization due to cerebrovascular disease

Masafumi Kitakaze

Director

National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center

Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Japan)

Prospective, randomised, open, blinded-endpoint study

This is an open and blinded-endpoint study

alpha glucosidase/infarction

Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors and Risk of Cardiovascular Events

Evaluation of the Benefit at 6 Months of a 3 Weeks Spa Treatment in the Type 2 Diabetic Patient.

Incretin-based Drugs and the Risk of Heart Failure

The Effects of the Onion-Pumpkin Extract on Blood Pressure

Assessment of an Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitor to Block Cardiac Events in Patients With MI and IGT

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