bladder exstrophy/nicotine

OBJECTIVE To identify genetic and nongenetic factors contributing to the risk of bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC). METHODS In all, 285 families with BEEC were invited to participate in the study, and 232 of them were recruited. Epidemiological information was obtained from 151 of the

OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of bladder cancer following enteric bladder augmentation. METHODS Patients followed for care after an enteric bladder augmentation have been entered into a registry; individuals followed for a minimum of 10 years were evaluated. RESULTS The study criteria were met by