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It is not clear how males and females cope with pain over time and how sensory and emotional qualities fluctuate from moment to moment, although studies of pain at discrete time points suggest that women are more pain sensitive than men. Therefore, we developed a new broader-based pain model that

Research on isometric contractions in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) has shown that anti-parkinsonian medication results in a greater increase in extensor strength than flexor strength. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that there is a greater impairment in neural activation of

Animal studies have shown that there are cell populations only discharging phasically before a motor task and others only active tonically during holding phase of the task. How muscle fatigue influences these two types of cell populations, however, is unknown. Because the phasic neurons are only

The aim of this study was to determine the kinematic differences between movements on a new exercise device (EX) that promotes a stable trunk over a moving, unstable base of support, and overground walking (OW). Sixteen male participants performed EX and OW trials while their movements were tracked

The integrated responses to gustatory stimuli applied to the soft palate were recorded from the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP) and were compared with those from the chorda tympani nerve (CT) innervating the anterior part of the tongue in the rat. Stimuli included various concentrations of

OBJECTIVE Vitamix® is a dietary product composed of a hydro-alcoholic extract of cereals and pulses with honey, calcium glycerophosphate, vitamins B and D, selenium and fluoride. The basic product, Ceregumil®, patented in 1912, was highly popular as tonic and consumers reported a feeling of health,

Efficient executive control frequently requires the timely activation or re-activation of a task-goal to enable purposeful behaviour. Additionally, more generalized factors such as alertness or neurological health will influence the efficiency with which control can be implemented. Goal-directed

Myocytes from failing human ventricle contract and relax more slowly than those from non-failing. This has been suggested to result from the lowering of basal cyclic AMP level in failing myocardium, and the consequent withdrawal of a tonic lusitropic effect. We present data to support this

Inappropriate activation of intestinal innate immune receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), by pathogenic bacteria is linked to chronic inflammation. In contrast, a "tonic" level of TLR activation by commensal bacteria is required for intestinal homeostasis. A technical challenge when

Previously we have demonstrated that social isolation of rats reduces both the cerebrocortical and plasma concentrations of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-TH PROG), and potentiates the positive effects of acute ethanol administration on the concentrations of this neurosteroid.

The mechanism of tonic component of the frog myocardium potassium contraction was studied. The degree of contraction depended on the potassium, sodium and calcium ions concentrations in extracellular medium. The tonic component of hyperpotassium contraction, as well as the additional contractions

Arousal-related processes associated with heightened heart rate (HR) predict memory enhancement, especially for emotionally arousing stimuli. In addition, phasic HR deceleration reflects "orienting" and sensory receptivity during perception of stimuli. We hypothesized that both tonic elevations in

Ionic selectivity of sodium channels was examined under voltage clamp conditions in normal and denervated twitch fibres and denervated tonic fibres isolated from m. ileofibularis of the frog (R. temporaria). Membrane currents were recorded by means of the Hille-Campbell vaseline-gap voltage clamp

It was hypothesized that mental tasks that involve program running (RUN tasks) would cause a greater tonic heart rate (HR) increase than tasks that require the search for problem solutions (EDIT tasks). Three experiments using verbal, numeric, and graphic material were run to compare tasks matched

Smooth muscle is unique in its ability to maintain force at low MgATP consumption. This property, called the latch state, is more prominent in tonic than phasic smooth muscle. Studies performed at the muscle strip level have suggested that myosin from tonic muscle has a greater affinity for MgADP