medullary sponge kidney/urea

The objective of this study was to ascertain the likelihood of underlying renal disease or essential hypertension in women diagnosed antepartum as having pre-eclampsia. One hundred eighty-six women (antepartum diagnosis of pre-eclampsia in 87 women and gestational hypertension, also known as "mild

Phosphates are encountered as the main components in about 15% of urinary calculi. Except for struvite, no specific correlations have been found between the crystalline phase of the phosphates and the cause of nephrolithiasis. OBJECTIVE The relationship between aetiological factors and crystalline

OBJECTIVE To examine the significance of the carbonation rate (CR) in carbonated apatite (carbapatite [CA]) stones and its relationships with the morphologic characteristics of CA and etiology. CA stones without struvite can result from metabolic disorders or urinary tract infection, but the latter