metrorrhagia/nicotine

It is known that women who smoke cigarettes and use oral contraceptives are more likely to have breakthrough bleeding than women who do not smoke. In this article, we review possible mechanisms by which cigarette smoke and its constituents may contribute to irregular bleeding, highlight differences

BACKGROUND There are a number of reports in the literature which describe the association of venous thrombosis with oral contraceptives. Venous thrombosis is a rare form of mesenteric ischemia which may be lethal if not diagnosed and treated quickly. Although the non specificity of clinical signs do