The objects use for task-specific mirror therapy are duster, glass, the wooden block of different sizes and shapes, beads, coin, paper cards and spongy ball. In all these activities shoulder horizontal flexion-extension, adduction-abduction, elbow flexion-extension, forearm supination-pronation, wrist flexion-extension, finger flexion-extension, abduction, adduction, opposition, are performed automatically.

Treatment involved rapid passive stretching of the muscles of the targeted joints in conjunction with tapping and rubbing the skin to assist in the generation of a contraction.Shoulder horizontal flexion-extension , adduction-abduction ,elbow flexion-extension, forearm supination-pronation, wrist flexion-extension, finger flexion-extension, abduction, adduction, opposition, are performed

Stroke Patient

Patients in Task-specific mirror box therapy group will receive therapy for 30 min/day, 3 times/week for 6 weeks.
The patient is seated close to a table a mirror (33*35 cm) was placed vertically. The involved hand was placed behind the mirror and uninvolved in front of the mirror.
The subject is asked to transfer small cubes from the middle position to the lateral side, placing pegs in holes and taking them out, turning over paper cards, placing steel needles in holes, stacking blocks, and putting glass on a shelf.
During the sessions, subjects will be asked to try and do the activity on the unaffected side and asked to do some movement with the paretic hand simultaneously.

mirror box therapy

The patients in the control group will receive Repetitive Facilitation Exercise for 30 min/day, 3 times/week for 6 weeks.
Repetitive facilitative techniques were used to elicit movement of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers in a manner designed to minimize synergistic movements.
Participants were directed to concentrate on generating movement on the joint being treated while avoiding contraction of non-targeted muscles.
Therapists provided verbal directions with commands such as "bend/straighten" or "one, two, three.
Participant efforts were supplemented as necessary to achieve a full range of motion (ROM)

Repetitive Facilitation Exercise

Riphah International University

Mirror Therapy Versus Repetitive Facilitation Exercise on Upper Limb Function

Effects of Mirror Therapy Versus Repetitive Facilitation Exercise on Upper Limb Function in Post-stroke Patient

Fugl meyer assessment tool is used for the evaluation of recovery extent in post stroke patients. It consists of 226 total points and is divided in 5 major domains including sensory function, motor function, joint range of motion, balance and pain each domain contain multiple sub items. Scoring is being recorded on a (3-points ordinal scale) . FMA is also a reliable and highly valid tool with ICC=0.96 and internal consistency is 94.7%.

The (WMFT) is considered as numerical catalogue for the assessment of upper extremity motor function. Motor skills of patients are assessed through time and well designed, practical and functional tasks. Total 15 task has been performedThis is also a reliable tool for upper limb motor function with fair interrater reliability as the value of ICC=0.97-0.99and internal consistency is 92.4%.

Upper extremity functional index is use for outcome measure in stroke patient. It consist of 20-item questionnaire and each item has 5 point ordinal scale The total sum of all item the final score is 80 point. The reliability of upper extremity functional index is (ICC=0.94)

Burnnstrom recovery scale is use for motor recovery in stroke patient .It consist of 7-stages, 1=Flaccid Paralysis,2=Spasticity,3=Spasticity is marked ,4=Spasticity decreased,5= Spasticity wanes,6= Coordination and pattern of movement can be near normal ,7=Normal The inter-rater reliability if burnnstrom recovery scale is (ICC 0.89-0.98) for arm and (ICC 0.69-0.92)for hand.

where patients received pregabaline 150 mg twice daily.

where patients received pregabaline 150 mg twice daily plus ganglion impar block using 5 ml bupivacaine 5% with 14 mg/2 ml betamethasone.

Pain, Phantom

CT sections were done in the axial plane 4 mm slice thickness to detect the site of sacrococcygeal disk. After a suitable section was confirmed, two distances were measured, one from patient's spine to the proper site of entry and the other from the site of entry to the target point.22 gauge spinal needle 12 cm was introduced until reach anterior to sacrococcygeal disk. When the needle tip location was ideal, 2 ml lidocaine mixed with1ml of radiopaque dye was injected. CT sagittal section was done to verify the retroperitoneal distribution of the dye. After good contrast spread confirmation, 5 ml bupivacaine 5% with 14 mg/2 ml betamethasone was injected

ganglion impar block

Yahay wahba

CT-guided Ganglion Impar Block for Management of Phantom Rectal Pain Syndrome

from 0 to 10 as 0 no pain and 10 the worst pain

it is 5 item self questionnaire1. How well was your pain problem explained to you during treatment?2. Did you agree with the types of treatments and recommendations that you received? 3. How satisfied were you with the care that you received in the Spine Care Center/ Anesthesiology Clinic? 4. Rate your overall improvement since starting treatment: 5. Rate your level of satisfaction with your improvement since starting treatment.

as hematoma, hypotension, neurological defect

percentage of patients who have numerical rating scale < 4 after one week from block

from 0 to 6 points as 0 = never and 5= always

Nevert Adel

lecturer of anesthesia

Mansoura University

IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®, Merz) (INA) will be reconstituted with preservative-free normal saline to a dilution of 5mL:100 units.
Study participants in this arm will receive 50u INA (total volume 2.5mL) injected into each limb, max 2 limbs per subject (either bilateral hands or bilateral feet.)
Hands: INA will be injected across the palmar surface of the digits in a grid like pattern covering a total of 25 sites per limb (0.1mL/site).
Feet: INA will be injected across the dorsal surface of the feet also in a grid like pattern covering a total of 25 sites per limb (0.1mL/site).

Study participants in this arm will 2.5mL normal saline injected into each limb, max 2 limbs per subject (either bilateral hands or bilateral feet.)
Hands: saline will be injected across the palmar surface of the digits in a grid like pattern covering a total of 25 sites per limb (0.1mL/site).
Feet: Saline will be injected across the dorsal surface of the feet also in a grid like pattern covering a total of 25 sites per limb (0.1mL/site).

Peripheral Neuropathy Due to Chemotherapy

IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®, Merz) (INA) will be reconstituted with preservative-free normal saline to a dilution of 5mL:100 units. Study participants will receive 50u INA (total volume 2.5mL) injected into each limb, max 2 limbs per subject (either bilateral hands or bilateral feet.) Study participants will receive one series of injections during the trial. In the hands, INA will be injected across the palmar surface of the digits in a grid like pattern covering a total of 25 sites per limb (0.1mL/site). In the feet, INA will be injected across the dorsal surface of the foot in a grid like pattern covering a total of 25 sites per limb (0.1mL/site). Injections will be performed intradermally using a 5/16-inch, 32-g needle

IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®, Merz) (INA)

Study participants will total volume 2.5mL of 0.9% Normal saline injected into each limb, max 2 limbs per subject (either bilateral hands or bilateral feet.) Study participants will receive one series of injections during the trial. In the hands, 0.9% Normal saline will be injected across the palmar surface of the digits in a grid like pattern covering a total of 25 sites per limb (0.1mL/site). In the feet, 0.9% Normal saline will be injected across the dorsal surface of the foot in a grid like pattern covering a total of 25 sites per limb (0.1mL/site). Injections will be performed intradermally using a 5/16-inch, 32-g needle

Normal saline

Botox® [package insert]. Irvine, CA: Allergan, Inc; 2011

Froedtert Hospital

Botulinum Toxin A for the Treatment of Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy

The primary outcome of this study will be the change pain as measured by the NPS at 8 weeks post intervention as compared to baseline NPS scores. The NPS is a validated scale that is used to classify patient's neuropathic pain. It includes assessment of global pain intensity and pain unpleasantness, two items addressing the location of the pain as deep or surface, and six items addressing the specific qualities of neuropathic such as sharp, hot, dull, cold, sensitivity, and itchy.

Change pain as measured by the NPS at additional time points: 2weeks, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months when compared to baseline scores.

Change in the pain characteristics as measured by each NPS domain when compared to baseline at additional time points: 2weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months. Domains include: assessment of global pain intensity and pain unpleasantness, two items addressing the location of the pain as deep or surface, and six items addressing the specific qualities of neuropathic such as sharp, hot, dull, cold, sensitivity, and itchy.

Change in the Neuropathic Pain Impact on Quality of Life (NePIQoL) score at time points: 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months. The NePIQoL is a validated scale comprised of 42 items organized into 7 categories of questions affecting quality of life: symptoms, relationships, psychological, social activity, physical change, personal care, overall health and overall quality of life

incidence of treatment related adverse events within each cohort

Erin McGonigle

Assistant Professor

Medical College of Wisconsin

Implant temporary FastLIFE electrodes and record the nerve signals that control delicate finger motions and play back the nerve signals that give the hand feelings of touch and movement.

Amputation; Traumatic, Hand

FastLIFE electrode

UT Southwestern Medical Center

DExterous Hand Control Through Fascicular Targeting (DEFT) - (Human Subjects)

We will ask you to attempt to perform hand movements and positions. The movement trials will consist of simultaneous volitional movements and positioning of both the uninjured/sound limb and the injured/amputated "phantom" limb done. This allows us to have a physical record of exactly what movement is being attempted by the amputated limb. We will record nerve and muscle electrode activity during all of the movement trials. During some movement trials, we will stimulate the LIFE neural electrodes while recording from implanted vs. surface adhesive vs. percutaneous needle muscle electrodes

We will also perform sensory detection and discrimination trials. Here, you will be asked to report if you detect any sensation during microstimulation (delivering very small electrical signals) via LIFE electrodes. If you do have a sensory perception, you will be asked to describe the quality and strength of the perception, e.g. location, touch, vibration, temperature. You may also be asked to fill out standardized sensory/pain assessments during microstimulation and after microstimulation is turned off. Other stimulation trials that may be done will include single or multiple electrode stimulation to see if subjects can perceive multiple sensory percepts simultaneously. Blinded trials may be done to determine if the subjects are actually perceiving the same percept for a given stimulation paradigm. Other trials may include modulating the stimulation parameters to determine if the sensory percept changes characteristics with varying stimulation paradigms.

After determining your sensory detection and discrimination parameters, we will ask you to repeat standardized assessments using the existing myoelectric partial hand prosthesis. Microstimulation via LIFE electrodes will be paired with motion or contact during task performance in order to determine whether providing evokes sensation during prosthesis use improves task-based performance.

Jonathan Cheng

Associate Professor

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Nerves Incorporated, Inc.

Arizona State University

University of Minnesota

rTMS with "sham" coil. Sessions will be administered 5 days a week (Monday to Friday) during two consecutive weeks.

rTMS in series of 20 trains of 6 s in duration (54-s intertrain interval) at a stimulation rate of 10 Hz (1200 pulses) at an intensity of 90% rest motor threshold. Sessions will be administered 5 days a week (Monday to Friday) during two consecutive weeks.

Phantom Limb Pain

rTMS

A coil with similar appearance to the active coil in shape and weight, producing a similar sound artifact but without emission of a magnetic pulse is used for the control group.

Sham rTMS

Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia

Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain in Landmine Victims: ANTARES

Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Patients Victims of Landmines With Phantom Limb Pain

phantom limb/hemorrhage

Mirror Therapy Versus Repetitive Facilitation Exercise on Upper Limb Function

CT-guided Ganglion Impar Block for Management of Phantom Rectal Pain Syndrome

Botulinum Toxin A for the Treatment of Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy

DExterous Hand Control Through Fascicular Targeting (DEFT) - (Human Subjects)

Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain in Landmine Victims: ANTARES

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