Ultrasound scan of gastric antrum 1 hour prior to procedure. Patients assigned to this group will follow standard fasting procedures of no eating or drinking 8 hours prior to C-section.

Ultrasound scan of gastric antrum 1 hour prior to procedure.
Patients assigned to this group must stop eating 8 hours prior to their scheduled C-section time.
The night before their C-section they must drink 800mL of 100% apple juice (not from concentrate) OR 800mL of cranberry juice cocktail, not both
The day of their C-section, starting 3 hours before surgery and to be finished 2 hours before surgery time, patients must drink 400mL of 100% apple juice OR 400mL of cranberry juice cocktail, not both
Please note:
The apple juice must be 100% juice, not from concentrate
The cranberry juice cocktail must not be plain cranberry juice

Cesarean Section

Gastric ultrasound of the stomach antrum to assess contents 1 hour prior to C-section surgery. Scans will be completed in both supine (lying on back) and right lateral decubitus (positions) positions. The completion of both scans will take 5-10 minutes total

Ultrasound

Peter Lougheed Centre

Foothills Medical Centre

Gastric Voume Assessment for Aspiration Risk in OB ERAS Patients

Pre-Operative Gastric Volume Assessment Following Carbohydrate-Loading in Obstetrical Patients Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section: A Randomized Clinical Pilot Study

Clear fluid is evident in antrum in both supine and right lateral decubitus scanning positions

Antrum appears empty in both supine and right lateral decubitus scanning positions

Antrum appears empty in supine position, but clear fluid is visible in right lateral decubitus position

Cross-sectional area measurement of the gastric antrum

Heather Hurdle

Anesthesiologist, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine

University of Calgary

Snack bar with cranberry extract (0.5% total weight)

Snack bar with cranberry extract (1.0% total weight)

Snack bar with freeze-dried black raspberry(10% total weight)

Snack bar with freeze-dried black raspberry (20% total weight)

Blood Sugar Response

Fruit extracts high in polyphenols

placebo

USARIEM

Postprandial Glycemic Response to Polyphenol-fortified Snack Bars

United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine

Type 2 Diabetes

Atherosclerosis

Bilberries

Sea buckthorn berry

Ethanol-water extract from sea buckthorn berries, combined with maltodextrin, 14.6 g/d (7.3 g sea buckthorn extract + 7.3 g maltodextrin)

Sea buckthorn phenolic extract

Sea buckthorn oil

University of Turku, Dept of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry

Effects of Berries and Berry Fractions on Metabolic Diseases

The Effect of the Bioactives of Sea Buckthorn and Bilberry on the Risk of Metabolic Diseases

Jukka-Pekka Suomela

University Lecturer

University of Turku

Pakkasmarja

Saarioinen

Kiantama Ltd.

Aromtech Ltd.

Fazer

Satakunta Sea Buckthorn Society

Finnish Berry Powders Ltd.

Healthy

Berry product

Bread product

Glucose solution with a corresponding amount of carbohydrates as provided by the bread test products

Glucose control solution

Control solution with a similar carbohydrate content as provided by the dried lingonberry test product

Glucose-fructose control solution

Clinical Life Sciences Ltd

A Comparative Study of Effects of Berry and Grain Products on Postprandial Glycemic Response in Healthy Subjects

A Clinical, Randomized, Comparative Study of Effects of Berry and Grain Products on Postprandial Glycemic Response in Healthy Subjects

Capillary blood samples are taken before and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after starting to eat the test products or control solutions for measurements of plasma glucose concentrations.

Capillary blood samples are collected before and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after eating the lingonberry test product and glucose-fructose control solution. The serum insulin concentrations are analysed.

IAUC (mmol/l x min) is determined using the trapezoidal method for each subject and bread test product and corresponding glucose control solution.

The GI is calculated as a percentage of the glucose IAUC values of a bread product and a glucose control solution.

Clinical Life Sciences Ltd.

Kiantama Oy

Suomen Sokeri Oy

Volunteers will be given a single capsule of 0.47 grams of mirtoselect (a concentrated bilberry extract) followed by a 14 day washout period then a single control placebo capsule.
First Intervention (1 day), Washout (14 days), Second Intervention (1 day)

Volunteers will be given a single control placebo capsule followed by a 14 day washout period the a single capsule of 0.47 grams of mirtoselect (a concentrated bilberry extract)
First Intervention (1 day), Washout (14 days), Second Intervention (1 day)

In a cross-over design, eight volunteers were randomised and double-blinded into two groups matched for BMI as well as age and given a single capsule of either 0·47 g of Mirtoselect® (a standardised bilberry extract (36 % (w/w) anthocyanins)) which equates to about 50 g of fresh bilberries formulated in gelatin capsules or a control capsule consisting of microcrystalline cellulose in an opaque gelatin capsule, followed by oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT). The reverse procedure was conducted following a 2-week washout period. The volunteers were asked to consume a low-phytochemical diet 3 d before taking the capsule and for the 24 h after taking the capsule on both occasions. In addition the volunteers were asked to record what they ate over the same period in a food diary to ensure that they adhered to the low-phytochemical diet. Subjects were reimbursed travelling expenses on completion of the study.

Bilberry Capsule First, Then Control Capsule

Control Capsule First, Then Bilberry Capsule

Total

Sex: Female, Male

Region of Enrollment

Volunteers were fasted (10-12 h) overnight before the OGTT. Venous blood samples were taken through an indwelling cannula inserted into a forearm vein at -15, -10 and -5 (fasted) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 300 min after consuming 75 g of Polycal liquid (carbohydrate, 61·9%; polysaccharide, 49·2
%; sugars, 12·2%; glucose, 0·6%; maltose, 11·6%; http://www. nutricia.co.uk). Polycal was selected as the main carbohydrate as it is in the form of polysaccharides and this is closer to normal dietary consumption than glucose only.The volunteers consumed the appropriate capsule (0 min), glucose load and a further sample of water (70 ml) within 3 min.
For those volunteers taking the control capsule, additional sugar (fructose and dextrose/glucose) was added double-blinded to the water to match the free sugar content of the Mirtoselect® capsules. Movement during the 300 min OGTT was kept to a minimum.

In a cross-over design, volunteers (n 8) were randomised and double-blinded into two groups matched for BMI as well as age and given a single capsule of either 0·47 g of Mirtoselect® (a standardised bilberry extract (36 % (w/w) anthocyanins)) which equates to about 50 g of fresh bilberries formulated in gelatin capsules or a control capsule consisting of microcrystalline cellulose in an opaque gelatin capsule, followed by oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT). The reverse procedure was conducted following a 2-week washout period. The volunteers were asked to consume a low-phytochemical diet 3 d before taking the capsule and for the 24 h after taking the capsule on both occasions. In addition the volunteers were asked to record what they ate over the same period in a food diary to ensure that they adhered to the low-phytochemical diet. Subjects were reimbursed travelling expenses on completion of the study.

Single Placebo Capsule

Single Blaeberry Capsule

Plasma Glucose iAUC (Incremental Area Under the Curve; mM*Min)

Volunteers were fasted (10-12 h) overnight before the OGTT. Venous blood samples were taken through an indwelling cannula inserted into a forearm vein at -15, -10 and -5 (fasted) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 300 min after consuming 75 g of Polycal liquid (carbohydrate, 61•9%; polysaccharide, 49•2
%; sugars, 12•2%; glucose, 0•6%; maltose, 11•6%; http://www. nutricia.co.uk). Polycal was selected as the main carbohydrate as it is in the form of polysaccharides and this is closer to normal dietary consumption than glucose only.The volunteers consumed the appropriate capsule (0 min), glucose load and a further sample of water (70 ml) within 3 min.
For those volunteers taking the control capsule, additional sugar (fructose and dextrose/glucose) was added double-blinded to the water to match the free sugar content of the Mirtoselect® capsules. Movement during the 300 min OGTT was kept to a minimum.

Single Control Capsule

Single Bilberry Capsule

Plasma Insulin iAUC (Incremental Area Under the Curve; ng/ml*Min)

To measure the amount of anthocyanins and phenolic-derived metabolites by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) being absorbed from the gut and excreted following the single intervention.

Bioavailability in Plasma

Bioavailability in Urine

Single Control Capsule First Then Bilberry Capsule

Single Bilberry Capsule First Then Control Capsule

Overall Study

Dr Nigel Hoggard

Male subjects aged >40 and <70 years, with type 2 diabetes controlling their diabetes by diet alone closely matched for adiposity as determined by waist circumference (n=8).
Volunteers will be randomised double blinded into two groups (n=4 per group) and given a single capsule of either 0.47 grams of a bilberry extract (mirtoselect provided by Indena S.p.A (http://www.mirtoselect.info/) or a control capsule. Following a two week wash out period the volunteers will be asked to take a second single capsule of either of 0.47 grams of mirtoselect or a control capsule in a cross over study, the opposite of what they took the first time.

Bilberry capsule first, then control cap

Control capsule first then bilberry cap

University of Aberdeen Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health

A Single Supplement of a Standardised Bilberry Extract Modifies Glycaemic Response

A Single Supplement of a Standardised Bilberry Extract (36% (w/w) Anthocyanins) Modifies Glycaemic Response in Persons With Type 2 Diabetes Controlled by Diet and Lifestyle.

University of Aberdeen

Cranberry juice (C) two times daily, a.m. and p.m.

De-Activated Cranberry juice in the am, then placebo (P) in the pm

Placebo in the form of juice two times daily in the a.m. and p.m.

Cranberry (C) two times daily (C, C; n = 10 pregnant)

Cranberry 2xday

Cranberry in the a.m., then placebo (P) in the p.m. (C, P; n = 9 pregnant)

Cranberry + Placebo

Placebo two times daily (P, P; n = 8 pregnant)

Placebo 2xday

The primary outcome measure was the measurement of bacteriuria in study subject urine, defined as having a urine culture with 100,000 or more of a single uropathogen (measured as cfu per ml).

Antimicrobial Activity of Urine From Pregnant Subjects Following Cranberry Juice Cocktail (CJC)

Deborah A. Wing, MD

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

Low-calorie, Low-carbohydrate content 8 oz dose of Cranberry juice

Cranberry Juice

De-Activated Cranberry juice

University of California, Irvine Medical Center

Effectiveness of Cranberry Ingestion on Bacterial Adhesion: An Adjunct Study

Effectiveness of Cranberry Ingestion on Bacterial Adhesion: Adjunct to Pilot Study of Daily Cranberry Ingestion of Cranberry Juice for the Prevention of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Pregnancy