Telmisartan for Treatment of COVID-19 Patients
關鍵詞
抽象
描述
In late 2019, a new coronavirus emerged in Wuhan Province, China, causing lung complications similar to those produced by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the 2002-2003 epidemic. This new disease was named COVID-19 and the causative virus SARS-CoV-2 (Chen, Liu, & Guo, 2020; Li et al., 2020).
Given that vaccines against COVID-19 are still in development and an effective treatment against this new coronavirus is lacking, various pharmacological agents are being tested in clinical trials designed by institutions such as the WHO or scientific entities in different countries (C.-C. Lu, Chen, & Chang, 2020).
Taking into account the characteristics of the mode of entry of this coronavirus to human cells through binding with Angiotensin Converting Enzime 2 (ACE2) and extensive scientific and clinical evidence information on the Renin Angiotensin System, the hypothesis of the involvement of this system in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 was born (Gurwitz, 2020; Vaduganathan et al., 2020).
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, enters the airway and binds, by means of the S (Spike) protein on its surface (after whose image the term coronavirus is coined), to the membrane protein ACE2 in type 2 alveolar cells (R. Lu et al., 2020; Wan, Shang, Graham, Baric, & Li, 2020). The S protein-ACE2 complex is internalized by endocytosis and facilitates the entry of each virion into the cytoplasm. For each intracellular entry, the function of one ACE2 molecule is lost leading to a partial decrease or total loss of the enzymatic function ACE2 in the alveolar cells of the lung directly related to the viral load of the air inoculum.
ACE2 catalyzes the transformation of angiotensin II into angiotensin 1-7. Angiotensin II acting on AT1 receptors causes vasoconstriction, apoptosis, proinflammatory effects, and fibrosis. Angiotensin 1-7 acting on Mas receptors causes opposite effects: vasodilation and anti-inflammatory. Partial decrease or total loss of ACE2 function in alveolar cells results in a deviation of the homeostatic balance of the Renin Angiotensin System in favor of the angiotensin II-AT1 receptor axis (Paz Ocaranza et al., 2020; Tikellis, Bernardi, & Burns, 2011). Indeed, it increases the tissue concentration of angiotensin II by decreasing its degradation and reduces the concentration of its physiological antagonist angiotensin 1-7(Liu et al., 2020).
The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 disease will depend fundamentally on the degree of alteration of the homeostatic balance of the Renin Angiotensin System in the lung and at the systemic level (mainly at the heart).
Increasing the effects of angiotensin II on the lung interstitium can promote apoptosis, which, in turn, initiates an inflammatory process with release of proinflammatory cytokines, establishing a self-powered cascade (Cardoso et al., 2018). In certain patients this process reaches such clinical relevance that requires external oxygen supply and in severe cases an Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) ensues (this correlates with an acute release -storm- of cytokines) (Ware & Matthay, 2000).
Based on the aetiopathogenic hypothesis described, there are various pharmacotherapeutic proposals to be evaluated through clinical trials: Recombinant ACE2 therapy, administration of agents aimed at increasing ACE2 levels (e.g. estradiol), and administration of drugs that decrease the elevated activity of angiotensin II including renin release inhibitors, classic ACE inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor 1 Blockers (ARBs).
Most patients who develop COVID-19 disease initially have fever, indicative ofan inflammatory process with systemic release of pyrogenic cytokines. According to the hypothesis described, this inflammation is induced by the inhibition of ACE2 and the imbalance of the renin angiotensin system in the pulmonary interstitium in favor of the angiotensin II-AT1 receptor axis. Faced with the onset of the inflammatory process, a rapidly effective treatment is necessary to antagonize the cascading and self-sustaining phenomenon described. Of the different types of drugs mentioned above, we consider that the most rapidly effective may be ARBs.
Recently, Gurwitz (2020) proposed the tentative use of agents such as losartan and telmisartan as alternative options for treating COVID-19 patients prior to development of ARDS.
ARBs are widely used to treat hypertension and there is an abundant clinical experience with its use, all representatives of this group being characterized by their excellent tolerance; Furthermore, its adverse effects profile has been described as "placebo like(Schumacher & Mancia, 2008; Sharpe, Jarvis, & Goa, 2001).
The most suitable ARB to antagonize the proinflammatory effects of angiotensin II in a patient with a recent positive COVID-19 test should be the compound with the best pharmacological properties for this indication. From the comparative analysis of the available ARBs, telmisartan gathers properties that make it the best pharmacological tool to evaluate the hypothesis under discussion in a clinical trial.
Liposolubility is relevant for absorption after oral administration and for tissue penetration. Telmisartan stands out among all the representatives of the ARBs for being markedly more lipophilic, expressed both in partition coefficients (octanol / neutral pH buffer), distribution coefficients and distribution volumes (Vd). Telmisartan has a Vd of approximately 500 L, irbesartan 93 L, and both valsartan and olmesartan, candesartan and losartan, approximately 17 L.
The affinity of ARBs for the AT1 receptor has been measured by multiple studies, mainly using radioligand binding studies. All AT1 receptor blockers are characterized by having similar affinity values (pKi or pIC50, between 2 and 19 nM), with losartan and its active metabolite EXP3174 being the lowest and irbesartan, candesartan and telmisartan the highest (Kakuta, Sudoh, Sasamata, & Yamagishi, 2005).
Using isolated organ technique on blood vessels from different tissues and from different animals, these AT1 antagonists have a blocking power (pA2) against angiotensin II in the nM range (losartan, 8.15; irbesartan, 8.52; valsartan, 9.26; telmisartan 9.48; candesartan, 10.08). Telmisartan has a 10-fold higher blocking potency than losartan (Kakuta et al., 2005).
Functional as well as biochemical studies determining the dissociation rates of the ARBs have shown that these drugs have a slow dissociation rate that gives them characteristics of pseudo-irreversible blocking agents. In the only comparative study using cloned human AT1 receptors, the half-lives of receptor dissociation were: telmisartan, 213 min; olmesartan, 166 min; candesartan, 133 min; valsartan, 70 min; losartan, 67 min (Kakuta et al., 2005). Telmisartan is the AT1 blocker that dissociates more slowly from the receptor. This property may be clinically relevant as it maintains a longer lasting blockade difficult to reverse by the endogenous agonist angiotensin II.
Furthermore, telmisartan causes downregulation of AT1 receptor at the mRNA and protein level apparently due to its action as a partial agonist of PPAR-gamma (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma). This action can contribute to the effects of telmisartan by producing a decrease in the number of AT1 receptors (Imayama et al., 2006).
In summary, telmisartan, which is well absorbed after oral administration, is the ARB with the longest plasma half-life (24 h), it reaches the highest tissue concentrations due to its high lipid solubility and high volume of distribution (500 L), and dissociates more slowly after binding to the AT1 receptor, causing an apparently irreversible block (Kakuta et al., 2005; Michel, Foster, Brunner, & Liu, 2013).
The present study is an open-label randomized phase II clinical trial for the evaluation of telmisartan in COVID-19 patients. Briefly, patients with confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, will be randomized to receive 80 mg/12h of telmisartan (Bertel®, Laboratorio Elea Phoenix, Buenos Aires, Argentina) plus standard care or standard care alone will be monitored for development of systemic inflammation and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Other variables regarding lung function and cardiovascular function will also be evaluated.
Clinical studies to evaluate the safety of Telmisartan in healthy individuals or in hypertensive patients with daily doses of up to 160 mg, found no difference between those treated with telmisartan and the placebo group in frequency and intensity of adverse effects (Schumacher & Mancia, 2008; Sharpe et al., 2001; Stangier, Su, & Roth, 2000).
日期
最後驗證: | 06/30/2020 |
首次提交: | 04/16/2020 |
提交的預估入學人數: | 04/19/2020 |
首次發布: | 04/20/2020 |
上次提交的更新: | 07/21/2020 |
最近更新發布: | 07/22/2020 |
實際學習開始日期: | 05/18/2020 |
預計主要完成日期: | 09/30/2020 |
預計完成日期: | 09/30/2020 |
狀況或疾病
干預/治療
Drug: TELMISARTAN
相
手臂組
臂 | 干預/治療 |
---|---|
Experimental: TELMISARTAN Patients in this group will receive 80 mg Telmisartan twice daily plus standard care. | Drug: TELMISARTAN Control arm will receive standard care. |
No Intervention: CONTROL Patients in this group will receive standard care. |
資格標準
有資格學習的年齡 | 18 Years 至 18 Years |
有資格學習的性別 | All |
接受健康志願者 | 是 |
標準 | Inclusion Criteria: - Aged 18 years or older - Confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 by PCR test Exclusion Criteria: - Hospitalization in the previous 6 months - Pregnancy - Lactancy - Major allergy to any AT1 receptor blocker - Sistolic arterial pressurelower than 100 mmHg - Serum potassium higher than 5.5 meq/l - AST/ALT higher than 3x normal - Serum Creatinine higher than 3 mg/dl. - Patient is taking ACEi or ARB. |
結果
主要結果指標
1. C reactive protein [Days 1, 8 and 15 after enrollment]
次要成果指標
1. Number of opacified quadrants on lung Rx [Days 1, 8 and 15 after enrollment]
2. Occurrence of mechanical ventilation [Within 15 days]
3. Intensive care unit admission [Within 15 days]
4. Death [Within 15 days, 30 days, 90 days]
5. LDH [Days 1, 8 and 15 after enrollment]
6. Troponin [Days 1, 8 and 15 after enrollment]
7. Time to mechanical ventilation [Within 15 days]
其他成果措施
1. Active urinary sediment [Days 1, 8 and 15 after enrollment]