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hypospadias/nikotin
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Hypospadias and early gestation growth restriction in infants.
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OBJECTIVE
There has been a major increase in the incidence of hypospadias in infants in the 1990s, but the risk factors are not known. Although there are scattered reports in the literature regarding the association of low birth weight and hypospadias, this has not been systematically studied. The
Exploiting gene-environment interaction to detect adverse health effects of environmental chemicals on the next generation.
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There is increasing evidence from epidemiological studies that genetic susceptibilities may modify the teratogenic effects of toxic chemicals. However, in contrast to tobacco smoke, few epidemiological studies have addressed environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,
When the right (Drug) should be left: Prenatal drug exposure and heterotaxy syndrome.
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BACKGROUND
Recent studies reported an association between prenatal propylthiouracil exposure and birth defects, including abnormal arrangement across the left-right body axis, suggesting an association with heterotaxy syndrome.
METHODS
This case-control and case-finding study used data from 1981 to
Male reproductive organs are at risk from environmental hazards.
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Male reproductive disorders that are of interest from an environmental point of view include sexual dysfunction, infertility, cryptorchidism, hypospadias and testicular cancer. Several reports suggest declining sperm counts and increase of these reproductive disorders in some areas during some time
Genital anomalies in boys and the environment.
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The prevalence of male reproductive disorders, such as testicular cancer and impaired semen quality, is increasing in many, albeit not all, countries. These disorders are aetiologically linked with congenital cryptorchidism and hypospadias by common factors leading to perinatal disruption of normal
Human exposure to endocrine disrupters and semen quality.
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Reproductive pathology in the male represents about 20% of infertility cases. Male infertility may be attributed to a number of causes, including genetic and congenital abnormalities, infection, multisystemic diseases, varicocele, and others; however, a significant number of cases are idiopathic.
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