butterfly/stroke

The aim of this study was to compare the arm-to-leg coordination in the butterfly stroke of three groups of male swimmers of varying skill (10 elite, 10 non-elite, and 10 young swimmers) at four race paces (400-m, 200-m, 100-m, and 50-m paces). Using qualitative video analysis and a hip

In this study it was hypothesized that elite butterfly performance is characterized by wave motions with particular frequency, amplitude, and phase characteristics. Particular emphasis was accorded the question of whether 'waves' travel along the body during the butterfly stroke. Selected body

This study quantified the effects of breathing compared to non-breathing and "race pace" on arm to leg coordination in the butterfly stroke. Twelve elite male swimmers swam at four paces: 400 m, 200 m, 100 m and 50 m. The arm and leg stroke phases were identified by video analysis to calculate the

In a remarkable example of convergent evolution, we show that the zooplanktonic sea butterfly Limacina helicina 'flies' underwater in the same way that very small insects fly in the air. Both sea butterflies and flying insects stroke their wings in a characteristic figure-of-eight pattern to produce

Flying insects generate forces that are too large to be accounted for by conventional steady-state aerodynamics. To investigate these mechanisms of force generation, we trained red admiral butterflies, Vanessa atalanta, to fly freely to and from artificial flowers in a wind tunnel, and used

This study proposed the use of four time gaps to assess arm-to-leg coordination in the butterfly stroke at increasing race paces. Fourteen elite male swimmers swam at four velocities corresponding to the appropriate paces for, respectively, the 400-m, 200-m, 100-m, and 50-m events. The different

This study investigated the effects of hand paddles, parachute and hand paddles plus parachute on the inter-limb coordination of butterfly swimming. Thirteen male swimmers were evaluated in four random maximal intensity conditions: without equipment, with hand paddles, with parachute and with hand

In nature the body motion of a butterfly is clearly observed to involve periodic rotation and varied flight modes. The maneuvers of a butterfly in flight are unique. Based on the flight motion of butterflies (Kallima inachus) recorded in free flight, a numerical model of a butterfly is created to

A 12-year-old boy had severe chest and back pain of sudden onset while practicing the butterfly stroke in a swimming class. Computed tomography revealed an intimal flap in the descending thoracic aorta with massive right hemothorax. A ruptured type B acute aortic dissection was diagnosed, and then

Batesian mimics gain protection from predation by their similarity to distasteful models. In butterflies, it has been thought that distasteful species and Batesian mimics fly slowly and in a straight line, but few studies have demonstrated their behavioral similarity, and no studies have been

This paper compares the muscle firing patterns of 12 shoulder girdle muscles in competitive butterfly swimmers with painful and normal shoulders. Seven of the 12 muscles revealed statistically significant differences between the two populations. The posterior deltoid demonstrated more activity in

Jean Dominique Bauby, former editor of Elle, suffered a stroke to his brain stem that left him with locked-in syndrome. Subsequently, through blinking his left eye, he writes his memoir of this experience, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly. This paper explores the meaning of embodiment, especially

This paper describes the application of computer testing to a design study of butterfly bileaflet mitral prostheses having flat or curved leaflets. The curvature is in the plane normal to the pivot axes and is such that the convex sides of the leaflets face each other when the valve is open. The

The clap-and-fling mechanism is a well-studied, unsteady lift generation mechanism widely used by flying insects and is considered obligatory for tiny insects flying at low to intermediate Re However, some aquatic zooplankters including some pteropod (i.e. sea butterfly) and heteropod species