Ibudilast (IBUD) is a macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and phosphodiesterase (PDE)-4 and -10 inhibitor at peak clinical exposures (Rolan, Hutchinson et al. 2009) that increases glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression (Mizuno, Kurotani et al. 2004) and reduces