Higher Protein, Low Glycemic Load with Potatoes (HPLG-P): low- to moderate- glycemic load meals containing white potatoes. Participants will consume low- to moderate-glycemic meals for 16 weeks and will need to consume at least 4 meals containing white potatoes.

Higher Protein, Low Glycemic Load with Processed Potatoes (HPLG-PP): low- to moderate- glycemic load meals containing processed white potato products. Participants will consume low- to moderate-glycemic meals for 16 weeks and will need to consume at least 4 meals containing white potatoes.

Higher Protein, Low Glycemic Load (HPLG-C): low- to moderate- glycemic load meals containing control carbohydrate (e.g. rice, pasta). Participants will consume low- to moderate-glycemic meals for 16 weeks and will need to consume at least 4 meals containing control carbohydrate sources.

Metabolic Syndrome

All dietary treatments will be designed to be isoenergetic within individual participants. Energy content of the diets will be individualized to ensure weight maintenance throughout the dietary intervention period using the Harris Benedict equation x 1.35. Glycemic load for the treatment groups will be calculated using the following equation:
Glycemic Load = Glycemic Index x Grams of carbohydrates/100. Potatoes, processed potato products, and control carbohydrate foods will be provided.

Higher protein, low glycemic load diet

University of Arkansas

Diet and Health in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome

The Effect of a Higher Protein, Lower Glycemic Load Diet Containing Potato or Potato-based Products on Metabolic Health in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome

Total Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, Free Fatty Acids, Triglycerides

Monthly food records will be recorded to determine changes in diet intake

Mood will be measured using the Profile of Mood States questionnaire

Sleep quality will be assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

Sleep duration will be assessed using an Actigraph sleep monitor

Anorexigenic appetite hormone - PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine)

Jamie Baum

Associate Professor

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Morality

Potato Consumption and Risk of Mortality

Potato Consumption and Mortality in Oriental Population: A 22-Year Longitudinal Nationwide Cohort Study

All-cause mortality was the primary outcome of interest in this study. In the CHNS, mortality status was confirmed by reported information in each round of the survey. For each participant, the household register updated the information if they were alive and still present, dying, or dead, and the month of death was recorded. Years of follow-up were calculated from baseline until death or censoring on December 31, 2011, depending on which came first.

The frequency and the quantity of daily average consumption of total potatoes, sweet potatoes, fried potatoes, and unfried potatoes (g/day) based on 3-day 24-hr recall

Yu Zhang

Professor

Zhejiang University

Control (no additional potassium added to diet): Arm will consist of a 16 day balance period with a basal diet set at ~2340mg K/day; based on average American intake.

Potassium gluconate: Arm will consist of a 16 day balance period with the basal (control) diet plus the addition of 1000mg of K/day from potassium gluconate (12 tablets).

Potato diet: Arm will consist of a 16 day balance period with a basal (control) diet with an addition of 1000mg of K/day from white potatoes.

French fry diet: Arm will consist of a 16 day balance period with a basal (control) diet with an addition of 1000mg K/day from French fries.

Hypertensive Disease

Potassium control diet

Potassium gluconate diet

Potato Diet

French Fries Diet

Department of Nutrition Science Purdue University

Retention of Potassium From Potatoes and Potassium Gluconate, and the Effect on Blood Pressure.

The Effect of Potatoes on Potassium Retention, Acid Base Balance, and Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure measured directly three consecutive times after 15 min of supine rest.

Twenty four hour urine and feces will be collected on all intervention days of each phase. Urine will be analyzed for creatinine, K, Na, Ca, Mg according to the urine protocol. Some urine will be stored for future analysis and the rest discarded.

Following breakfast, which will include the respective source of potassium or control, pooled urine will be collected at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24.h. Blood will be drawn (5ml each draw) at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6 and 24 hours post breakfast meal. , A catheter will be inserted in the arm at baseline and will be kept there until the blood draw at 6 hours. A needle will be used for the sample at 24 hours. BP will be measured after 4, 6, and 24h.

Vascular flow rate measured via Laser Doppler Flowmetry from right forearm for 60 min from the supine position.

Central blood pressure will be measured by pulse wave analysis. Measurements will be repeated at least three times within a 20 minute period after the subject has rested for at least 10 minutes in a seated position. The staff member will place a tonometer (pressure sensor) on the wrist to detect the radial pulse waveform. Measurements will be taken over the course of 5-15 minutes or until pulse wave signal reaches data acquisition parameters.

Acid-base balance will be determined on two-end of phase 24 h urine collection to relate to urinary calcium and potassium excretion. Pre-prandial arterialized blood samples will be collected anaerobically using forearm venous blood from the heated hand (10) into a polypropylene syringe containing lyophilized lithium heparin. The blood samples will be stored at room temperature and analyzed within 1 h of collection. Renal acid-base balance will be measured using urinary Net Acid Excretion (NAE) and Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL).

Berdine Martin

Research Scientist

Purdue University

Alliance for Potato Research and Education

Participants will receive a controlled diet containing 2340 mg potassium.(K) During the 4 - 16 day phases they will receive an additional 0 mg K, 1000 mg K from potatoes, 1000 mg K from French Fries, and 1000 mg K from supplement in randomized order. Blood pressure will be measured every other day during the intervention. There will be a 2 week washout phase during each phase.

potato/stroke

Diet and Health in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome

Potato Consumption and Risk of Mortality

Retention of Potassium From Potatoes and Potassium Gluconate, and the Effect on Blood Pressure.

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